Rouleau, N., Levin, M. (2024), Discussions of machine versus living intelligence need more clarity, Nature Machine Intelligence 2024, doi:10.31219/osf.io/gz3km
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Levin, M.(2024), The Multiscale Wisdom of the Body: Collective Intelligence as a Tractable Interface for Next-Generation Biomedicine, BioEssays 2024, doi:10.1002/bies.202400196
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Cervera, J., Levin, M., Mafe, S. (2024), Multicellular adaptation to electrophysiological perturbations analyzed by deterministic and stochastic bioelectrical models, Scientific Reports 2024, 27608 doi:10.1038/s41598-024-79087-7
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Pai, V., Zhang, G., Levin, M. (2024), “Bioelectricity in Development, Regeneration, and Cancers” Cell Bio 2023: A Joint Meeting of the American Society of Cell Biology and European Molecular Biology Organization, Bioelectricity 2024, 6:1 doi: 10.1089/bioe.2024.0006
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Djamgoz, M.B.A., Levin, M. (2024), Potential Shortcomings of Genomic Database: The Case of Nav1.5 Expression in Breast Cancer, Bioelectricity 2024, doi: 10.1089/bioe.2024.0033
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Buckley, C.L., Lewens, T., Levin, M., Millidge, B., Tschantz, A., Watson, R.A. (2024), Natural Induction: Spontaneous Adaptive Organisation without Natural Selection, Entropy 2024, 26, 765, doi: 10.3390/e26090765
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Tolchinsky, A., Ellis, G. F. R., Levin, M., Kaňková, Š., Burgdorf, J. S (2024), Disgust as a primary emotional system and its clinical relevance, Frontiers in Psychology 2024, 15:1454774 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1454774
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Zhang, T., Goldstein, A., Levin M. (2024), Classical sorting algorithms as a model of morphogenesis: Self-sorting arrays reveal unexpected competencies in a minimal model of basal intelligence, Adaptive Behavior 2024, doi: 10.1177/10597123241269740
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Cervera, J., Manzanares, J. A., Levin, M., Mafe, S. (2024), Oscillatory phenomena in electrophysiological networks: The coupling between cell bioelectricity and transcription, Computers in Biology and Medicine 2024, 80 doi: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108964
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Monzel, A. S., Levin, M., Picard, M.(2024), The energetics of cellular life transitions, Life Metabolism 2024, 3(3) doi:10.1093/lifemeta/load051
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Kagan, B. J., Mahlis, M., Bhat, A., Bongard, J., Cole, V. M., Corlett, P., Gyngell, C., Hartung, T., Jupp, B., Levin, M., Lysaght, T., Opie, N., Razi, A., Smirnova, L., Tennant, Ian, Wade, P. T., Wang, G.,(2024), Toward a nomenclature consensus for diverse intelligent systems: Call for collaboration, The Innovation 2024, 5(9) doi:10.1016/j.xinn.2024.100658
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Shreesha, L., Levin, M. (2024), Stress Sharing as Cognitive Glue for Collective Intelligences: a computational model of stress as a coordinator for morphogenesis, Biochemical and Biophysical Reasearch Communications, 731 2024, doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2024.150396
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Hartl, B., Risi, S., Levin, M. (2024), Evolutionary Implications of Self-Assembling Cybernetic Materials with Collective Problem-Solving Intelligence at Multiple Scales, Entropy 2024, 26(7), 532; doi:10.3390/e26070532
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Yang, B., Nasab, A. M., Woodman, S.J., Thomas, E., Tilton, L.G., Levin, M., Kramer-Bottiglio, R. (2024), Self-Amputating and Interfusing Machines, Advanced Materials 2024, 2400241; doi:10.1002/adma.202400241
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Levin, M.(2024), Self-Improvising Memory: A Perspective on Memories as Agential, Dynamically Reinterpreting Cognitive Glue, Entropy 2024, 26(6), 481; doi:10.3390/e26060481
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Asefifeyzabadi, N., Nguyen, T., Li, H., Zhu, K., Yang , H., Baniya, P., PhD, Lopez, A. M., Gallegos, A., Hsieh, H. Dechiraju, H., Hernandez, C., Schorger, K., Recendez, C., Tebyani, M., Selberg, J., Luo, L., Muzzy, E., Hsieh, C., Barbee, A., Orozco, J., Alhamo, M.A., Levin, M., Aslankoohi, E., Gomez, M., Zhao, M., Teodorescu, M., Isseroff, R. R., Rolandi, M. (2024), A pro-reparative bioelectronic device for controlled delivery of ions and biomolecules, Wound Rep Reg 2024, 1-11 doi:10.1111/wrr.13191
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McMillen, P., Levin, M. (2024), Collective intelligence: A unifying concept for integrating biology across scales and substrates, Communications Biology 7, 378 (2024). doi:10.1038/s42003-024-06037-4
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Noble, P. A., Pozhitkov, A., Singh, K., Woods, E., Liu, C., Levin, M., Javan, G., Wan, J., Abouhashem, A. S., Mathew-Steiner, S. S., Sen, C. K. (2024), Unraveling the Enigma of Organismal Death: Insights, Implications, and Unexplored Frontiers, ACS Physiology, 2024 doi:10.1152/physiol.00004.2024
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Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2024), Snakes and ladders in the evolution of language, Physics of Life Reviews, 2024 doi:10.1016/j.plrev.2024.04.007
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Pio-Lopez, L., Levin, M. (2024), Aging as a loss of morphostatic information: a developmental bioelectricity perspective, Ageing Research Reviews, 2024, 97:102310
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Balasubramanian, S., Weston, D., Levin, M., Davidian, D. C. C. (2024), Electroceuticals: emerging applications beyond the nervous system and excitable tissues, Trends Pharmacol Sci, 2024, 2109
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Li, H., Yang, H.-Y., Asefifeyzabadi, N., Baniya, P., Medina Lopez, A., Gallegos, A., Zhu, K., Hsieh, H.-C., Nguyen, T., Hernandez, C., Zlobina, K., Recendez, C., Tebyani, M., Carrión, H., Selberg, J., Luo, L., Alhamo, M. A., Soulika, A. M., Levin, M., Norouzi, N., Gomez, M., Zhao, M., Teodorescu, M., Isseroff, R. R., Rolandi, M. (2024), Programmable delivery of fluoxetine via wearable bioelectronics for wound healing in vivo, Advanced Materials Technologies, 2024, 9(7) 2301115
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Balasubramanian, S., Weston, D., Levin, M., Davidian, D. C. C. (2024), Charging Ahead: Examining the future therapeutic potential of electroceuticals, Advanced Therapeutics, 2024, 23003344 doi:10.1002/adtp.202300344
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Fields, C., Glazebrook, J. F., and Levin, M. (2024), Principled Limitations on Self-Representation for Generic Physical Systems, Entropy, 26(3): 194
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Etcheverry, M., Moulin-Frier, C., Oudeyer, P.-Y, and Levin, M. (2024), AI-driven Automated Discovery Tools Reveal Diverse Behavioral Competencies of Biological Networks, eLife, 13: RP92683
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Tung, A., Sperry, M., Clawson, W., Pavuluri, A., Bulatao, S., Yue, M., Flores, R. M., Pai, V. McMillen, P., Kuchling, F., and Levin, M. (2024), Embryos assist morphogenesis of others through calcium and ATP signaling mechanisms in collective teratogen resistance, Nature Communications, 15(1): 535
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O’Brien, T., Stremmel, J., Pio-Lopez, L., McMillen, P., Rasmussen-Ivey, C., and Levin, M. (2024), Machine Learning for Hypothesis Generation in Biology and Medicine: Exploring the latent space of neuroscience and developmental bioelectricity, Digital Discovery, 3(2): 249-263
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McMillen, P., and Levin, M. (2024), Optical Estimation of Bioelectric Patterns in Living Embryos, in M. Bizzarri (ed.), Systems Biology: Methods in Molecular Biology, 2745: 91-102, doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-3577-3_6
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Seifert, G., Sealander, A., Marzen, S., and Levin, M. (2024), From reinforcement learning to agency: Frameworks for understanding basal cognition, BioSystems, 235(1): 105107
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2023

Ciaunica, A., Levin, M., Rosas, F. E., and Friston, K. (2023), Nested Selves: Self-Organization and Shared Markov Blankets in Prenatal Development in Humans, Topics in Cognitive Science, in press, doi:10.1111/tops.12717
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Gumuskaya, G., Srivastava, P., Cooper, B. G., Lesser, H., Semegran, B., Garnier, S., and Levin, M. (2023), Motile Living Biobots Self-Construct from Adult Human Somatic Progenitor Seed Cells, Advanced Science, doi:10.1002/advs.202303575
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Manicka, S., Pai, V. P, and Levin, M. (2023), Information integration during bioelectric regulation of morphogenesis of the embryonic frog brain, iScience, 26(12): 108398
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Rouleau, N., and Levin, M. (2023), The Multiple Realizability of Sentience in Living Systems and Beyond, eNeuro, 10(11), doi:10.1523/eneuro.0375-23.2023
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Blattner, M., and Levin, M. (2023) Long Range Communication via Gap Junctions and Stress in Planarian Morphogenesis: A Computational Study, Bioelectricity, 5(3): 196-209
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Mathews, J., and Levin, M. (2023) Cancer’s unique bioelectric properties: from cells to body-wide networks, Comment on: “The distinguishing electrical properties of cancer cells” by Elisabetta Di Gregorio, Simone Israel, Michael Staelens, Gabriella Tankel, Karthik Shankar, and Jack A. Tuszynski, Physics of Life Reviews, 47: 113-115
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Dungan, J., Mathews, J., Levin, M., and Koomson, V. (2023), Optimization of Oligomer Stamping Technique for Normally Closed Elastomeric Valves on Glass Substrate, Micromachines, 14(9): 1659
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Levin, M. (2023), Collective Intelligence of Morphogenesis as a Teleonomic Process, in Corning, P. A., Kauffman, S. A., Noble, D., Shapiro, J. A., Vane-Wright, R. I. Pross, A. (Eds.), Evolution "On Purpose": Teleonomy in Living Systems, The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 175-197
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Clawson, W. P., and Levin, M. (2023), Endless forms most beautiful 2.0: teleonomy and the bioengineering of chimaeric and synthetic organisms, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 139(4): 457-486
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Grodstein, J., McMillen, P., and Levin, M. (2023), Closing the Loop on Morphogenesis: A Mathematical Model of Morphogenesis by Closed-Loop Reaction-Diffusion, Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 11: 1087650
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Cervera, J., Levin, M., and Mafé, S. (2023), Correcting instructive electric potential patterns in multicellular systems: External actions and endogenous processes, Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects, 1867(10): 130440
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Welch, P., Grasso, C., Gumuskaya, G., Levin, M., and Bongard, J. (2023), Searching in the Dark: Evolving Biobot Swarm Compositions to Efficiently Explore Obstructed Environments, Proceedings of ALIFE 2023: Ghost in the Machine, article 70, doi:10.1162/isal_a_00683
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Lagasse, E., and Levin, M. (2023), Future Medicine: from molecular pathways to the collective intelligence of the body, Trends in Molecular Medicine, 29(9): 687-710
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Rouleau, N., and Levin, M. (2023), Multiple ways to implement and infer sentience: Commentary on Segundo-Ortiz & Calvo on Plant Sentience, Animal Sentience, 8(33): 30
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Masuelli, S., Real, S., McMillen, P., Oudin, M., Levin, M., and Roqué, M. (2023), The Yin and Yang of Breast Cancer: Ion Channels as Determinants of Left-Right Functional Differences, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(13): 11121
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Witkowski, O., Doctor, T., Solomonova, E., Duane, B., and Levin, M. (2023), Towards an Ethics of Autopoietic Technology: Stress, Care, and Intelligence, Biosystems, 231: 104964
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Cervera, J., Levin, M., and Mafé, S. (2023), Bioelectricidad en agregados multicelulares de células no excitables: modelos biofísicos, Revista Española de Física, 37(2): 24-29

Ciaunica, A., Shmeleva, E. V., and Levin, M. (2023), The Brain is not Mental! Coupling Neuronal and Immune Cellular Processing in Human Organisms, Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 17: 1057622
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Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2023), Regulative development as a model for origin of life and artificial life studies, Biosystems, 229: 104927
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Watson, R., and Levin, M. (2023), The collective intelligence of evolution and development, Collective Intelligence, 2(2), doi:10.1177/26339137231168355
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Levin, M. (2023), Bioelectric networks: the cognitive glue enabling evolutionary scaling from physiology to mind, Animal Cognition, doi:10.1007/s10071-023-01780-3
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Fields, C., Fabrocini, F., Friston, K., Glazebrook, J. F., Hazan, H., Levin, M., and Marcianò, A. (2023), Control flow in active inference systems Part II: Tensor networks as general models of control flow, IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications, doi:10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3272158
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Fields, C., Fabrocini, F., Friston, K., Glazebrook, J. F., Hazan, H., Levin, M., and Marcianò, A. (2023), Control flow in active inference systems Part I: Classical and quantum formulations of active inference, IEEE Transactions on Molecular, Biological, and Multi-Scale Communications, doi:10.1109/TMBMC.2023.3272150
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Levin, M. (2023), Darwin’s agential materials: evolutionary implications of multiscale competency in developmental biology, Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, 80: 142
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Pio-Lopez, L., and Levin, M. (2023), Morphoceuticals: Perspectives for discovery of drugs targeting anatomical control mechanisms in regenerative medicine, cancer and aging, Drug Discovery Today, 28(6): 103585
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Mathews, J., Chang, J., Devlin, L., and Levin, M. (2023), Cellular Signaling Pathways as Plastic, Proto-cognitive Systems: Implications for Biomedicine, Patterns, 4: 100737
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Blackiston, D., Kriegman, S., Bongard, J., and Levin, M. (2023), Biological Robots: Perspectives on an Emerging Interdisciplinary Field, Soft Robotics, 10(4): 694-686
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Pio-Lopez, L., Bischof, J., LaPalme, J. V., and Levin, M. (2023), The scaling of goals via homeostasis: an evolutionary simulation, experiment and analysis, Interface Focus, 13(3): 20220072
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Manicka, S., Johnson, K., Levin, M., and Murrugarra, D. (2023), The nonlinearity of regulation in biological networks, npj Systems Biology and Applications, 9(1): 10
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Bongard, J., and Levin, M. (2023), There’s Plenty of Room Right Here: Biological Systems as Evolved, Overloaded, Multi-Scale Machines, Biomimetics, 8(1): 110
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Davies, J., and Levin, M. (2023), Synthetic morphology with agential materials, Nature Reviews Bioengineering, 1(1): 46-59
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Shreesha, L., and Levin, M. (2023), Cellular Competency during Development Alters Evolutionary Dynamics in an Artificial Embryogeny Model, Entropy, 25(1): 131
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Cervera, J., Levin, M., and Mafe, S. (2023), Bioelectricity of non-excitable cells and multicellular pattern memories: Biophysical modeling, Physics Reports, 1004: 1-31, doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2022.12.003
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Biswas, S., Clawson, W., and Levin. M. (2023), Learning in Transcriptional Network Models: Computational Discovery of Pathway-level Memory and Effective Interventions, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(1): 285
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Cervera, J., Manzanares, J. A., Levin, M., and Mafe, S. (2023), Transplantation of fragments from different planaria: a bioelectrical model for head regeneration, Journal of Theoretical Biology, 558: 111356
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2022

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Hazan, H., and Levin, M. (2022), Exploring the Behavior of Bioelectric Circuits Using Evolution Heuristic Search, Bioelectricity, 4(4): 207-227
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Dechiraju, H., Selberg, J., Jia, M., Pansodtee, P., Li, H., Hsieh, H-C., Hernandez, C., Asefifeyzabadi, N., Nguyen, T., Baniya, P., Marquez, G., Rasmussen-Ivey, C., Bradley, C., Teodorescu, M., Gomez, M., Levin, M., and Rolandi, M. (2022), On-chip on-demand delivery of K+ for in vitro bioelectronics, AIP Advances, 12(12): 125205
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Pio-Lopez, L., Kuchling, F., Tung, A., Pezzulo, G., and Levin, M. (2022), Active Inference, Morphogenesis, and Computational Psychiatry, Frontiers in Computational Neuroscience, 16: 988977
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Fields, C., Friston, K., Glazebrook, J. F., Levin, M., and Marcianò, A. (2022), The Free Energy Principle induces neuromorphic development, Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering, 2: 042002
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McMillen, P., and Levin, M. (2022), Information Theory as an experimental tool for integrating disparate biophysical signaling modules, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(17): 9580
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Cavuoti, L., Sacco, F., Randazzo, E., & Levin, M. (2022), Adversarial Takeover of Neural Cellular Automata, Proceedings of the 2022 Conference on Artificial Life (ALIFE 2022), p. 256-263
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Smiley, P., and Levin, M. (2022), Competition for Finite Resources as Coordination Mechanism for Morphogenesis: an evolutionary algorithm study of digital embryogeny, BioSystems, 221: 104672
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Pai, V. P., Cooper, B. G., and Levin, M. (2022), Screening Biophysical Sensors and Neurite Outgrowth Actuators in Human Induced-Pluripotent-Stem-Cell-Derived Neurons, Cells, 11(16): 2470
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Levin, M. (2022), Generalizing frameworks for sentience beyond natural species, Animal Sentience, 7(32): 15
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Sperry, M. M., Novak, R., Keshari, V., Dinis, A. L. M., Cartwright, M. J., Camacho, D. M., Paré, J. F., Super, M., Levin, M., and Ingber, D. E. (2022), Enhancers of Host Immune Tolerance to Bacterial Infection Discovered Using Linked Computational and Experimental Approaches, Advanced Science, 9(26): 2200222 [cover]
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Pai, V. P., and Levin, M. (2022), HCN2 Channel-induced Rescue of Brain, Eye, Heart, and Gut Teratogenesis Caused by Nicotine, Ethanol, and Aberrant Notch Signaling, Wound Repair and Regeneration, 30(6): 681-706
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Doctor, T., Witkowski, O., Solomonova, E., Duane, B., and Levin, M. (2022), Biology, Buddhism, and AI: Care as the Driver of Intelligence, Entropy, 24(5): e24050710
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Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2022), Competency in Navigating Arbitrary Spaces as an Invariant for Analyzing Cognition in Diverse Embodiments, Entropy, 24(6): 819
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Fields, C., Glazebrook, J. F., and Levin, M. (2022), Neurons as hierarchies of quantum reference frames, Biosystems, 219: 104714
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Fields, C., Friston, K., Glazebrook, J. F., and Levin, M. (2022), A free energy principle for generic quantum systems, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 173: 36-59
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Kuchling, F., Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2022) Metacognition as a Consequence of Competing Evolutionary Time Scales, Entropy, 24(5): 601
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Watson, R. A., Levin, M., and Buckley, C. L. (2022) Design for an Individual: Connectionist approaches to the evolutionary transitions in individuality, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 10: 823588
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Levin, M. (2022), Technological Approach to Mind Everywhere: an experimentally-grounded framework for understanding diverse bodies and minds, Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience, 16: 768201
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Kudithipudi, D., Aguilar-Simon, M., Babb, J., Bazhenov, M., Blackiston, D., Bongard, J., Brna, A. P., Raja, S. C., Cheney, N., Clune, J., Daram, A., Fusi, S., Helfer, P., Kay, L., Ketz, N., Kira, Z., Kolouri, S., Krichmar, J. L., Kriegman, S., Levin, M., Madireddy, S., Manicka, S., Marjaninejad, A., McNaughton, B., Miikkulainen, R., Navratilova, Z., Pandit, T., Parker, A., Pilly, P. K., Risi, S., Sejnowski, T. J., Soltoggio, A., Soures, N., Tolias, A. S., Urbina-Meléndez, D., Valero-Cuevas, F. J., van de Ven, G. M., Vogelstein, J. T., Wang, F., Weiss, R., Yanguas-Gil, A., Zou, X., and Siegelmann, H. (2022), Biological underpinnings for lifelong learning machines, Nature Machine Intelligence, 4(3): 196-210
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Sperry, M. M., Murugan, N. J., and Levin, M. (2022), Studying Protista WBR and Repair Using Physarum polycephalum, in S. Blanchoud and B. Galliot (eds.), Whole-Body Regeneration: Methods in Molecular Biology, 2450: 51-67
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Mathews, J., Kuchling, F., Baez-Nieto, D., Diberardinis, M., Pan, J. Q., and Levin, M. (2022), Ion Channel Drugs Suppress Cancer Phenotype in NG108-15 and U87 Cells: Toward Novel Electroceuticals for Glioblastoma, Cancers 14(6): 1499
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Levin, M., and Yuste, R. (2022), Modular cognition, Aeon Essays [cover]
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Nanos, V., and Levin, M. (2022), Multi-scale Chimerism: an experimental window on the algorithms of anatomical control, Cells and Development, 169: 203764 [cover]
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Grodstein, J., and Levin, M. (2022), A Computational Approach to Explaining Bioelectrically-induced Persistent, Stochastic Changes of Axial Polarity in Planarian Regeneration, Bioelectricity, 4(1): 18-30
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Adelfio, M., Bonzanni, M., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. L. (2022), Impact of Membrane Voltage on Formation and Stability of Human Renal Tubules in Vitro, ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 8(3): 1239-1246
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Masuelli, S., Sebastian, R., Campoy, E., Branham, M. T., Marzese, D. M., Matthew, S., DeBlas, G., Rodolfo, A., Levin, M., and Roque, M. (2022), When left does not seem right: epigenetic and bioelectric differences between left- and right-sided breast cancer, Molecular Medicine, 28(1): 15
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Murugan, N. J., Vigran, H. J., Miller, K., Golding, A., Pham, Q. L., Sperry, M., Rasmussen-Ivey, C., Kane, A. W., Kaplan, D. L., and Levin, M. (2022), Acute multidrug delivery via a wearable bioreactor facilitates long-term limb regeneration and functional recovery in adult Xenopus laevis, Science Advances, 8(4): abj2164 [cover]
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Manicka, S., and Levin, M. (2022), Minimal developmental computation: a causal network approach to understand morphogenetic pattern formation, Entropy, 24: 107
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Payne, S. L., Ram, P., Srinivasan, D. H., Le, T. T., Levin, M., and Oudin, M. J. (2022), Potassium channel-driven bioelectric signalling regulates metastasis in triple-negative breast cancer, EBioMedicine, 75: 103767
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2021

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Klein, B., Hoel, E., Swain, A., Griebenow, R., and Levin, M. (2021), Evolution and emergence: higher order information structure in protein interactomes across the tree of life, Integrative Biology, 13(12): 283-294 [cover]
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Yuste, R., and Levin, M. (2021), New Clues about the Origins of Biological Intelligence, Scientific American, December 2021
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Kriegman, S., Blackiston, D., Levin, M., and Bongard, J. (2021), Kinematic self-replication in reconfigurable organisms, Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, 118(49): e2112672118
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Abramson, C., and Levin, M. (2021), Behaviorist Approaches to Investigating Memory and Learning: A Primer for Synthetic Biology and Bioengineering, Communicative & Integrative Biology, 14(1): 230-247
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Minh-Thai, T. N., Samarasinghe, S., and Levin, M. (2021), A Comprehensive Conceptual and Computational Dynamics Framework for Autonomous Regeneration Systems, Artificial Life, 27(2): 80-104
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Riol, A., Cervera, J., Levin, M., and Mafe, S. (2021), Cell Systems Bioelectricity: How Different Intercellular Gap Junctions Could Regionalize a Multicellular Aggregate, Cancers, 13(21): 5300
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Grodstein, J., and Levin, M. (2021), Stability and robustness properties of bioelectric networks: A computational approach, Biophysics Review, 2: 031305
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Guidetti, G., Levy, G., Matzeu, G., Finkelstein, J. M., Levin, M., and Omenetto, F. G. (2021), Unmixing octopus camouflage by multispectral mapping of Octopus bimaculoides' chromatic elements, Nanophotonics, 10(9): 2441-2450
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McMillen, P., Oudin, M. J, Levin, M., and Payne, S. L. (2021), Beyond Neurons: Long Distance Communication in Development and Cancer, Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology, 9: 739024
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Levin, M. (2021), Bioelectrical approaches to cancer as a problem of the scaling of the cellular self, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 165: 102-113
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Kriegman, S., Nasab, A-M., Blackiston, D., Steele, H., Levin, M., Kramer-Bottiglio, R., and Bongard, J. (2021), Scale invariant robot behavior with fractals, Robotics: Science and Systems (RSS 2021), doi:10.15607/RSS.2021.XVII.059
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Cervera, J., Levin, M., and Mafe, S. (2021), Morphology changes induced by intercellular gap junction blocking: a reaction-diffusion mechanism, BioSystems, 209: 104511
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Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2021), Metabolic limits on classical information processing by biological cells, BioSystems, 209: 104513
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Davidian, D., and Levin, M. (2021), Inducing Vertebrate Limb Regeneration: A Review of Past Advances and Future Outlook, Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology, doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a040782
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Fields, C., Glazebrook, J. F., and Levin, M. (2021), Minimal physicalism as a scale-free substrate for cognition and consciousness, Neuroscience of Consciousness, 2021(2): niab013
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Murugan, N., Kaltman, D., Jin, H., Chien, M., Flores, R., Nguyen, C., Tuzoff, D., Minabutdinov, A., Kane, A., Novak, R., Ingber, D., and Levin, M. (2021), Mechanosensation Mediates Long-Range Spatial Decision-Making in an Aneural Organism, Advanced Materials, 33(34): 2008161 [cover]
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Niklasson, E., Mordvintsev, A., Randazzo, E., and Levin, M. (2021), Self-organising Textures: Neural Cellular Automata Model of Pattern Formation, Distill, 6(2), doi:10.23915/distill.00027.003
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Levin, M. (2021), Life, death, and self: Fundamental questions of primitive cognition viewed through the lens of body plasticity and synthetic organisms, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 564: 114-133 [cover]
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Randazzo, E., Mordvintsev, A., Niklasson, E., and Levin, M. (2021), Adversarial Reprogramming of Neural Cellular Automata: a robustness investigation, Distill, 6(5), doi:10.23915/distill.00027.004
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Ebrahimkhani, M., and Levin, M. (2021), Synthetic living machines: A new window on life, iScience, 24(5): 102505
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Blackiston, D., Lederer, E., Kriegman, S., Garnier, S., Bongard, J., and Levin, M. (2021), A cellular platform for the development of synthetic living machines, Science Robotics, 6(52): eabf1571
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Levin, M. (2021), Unlimited plasticity of embodied, cognitive subjects: a new playground for the UAL framework, Biology and Philosophy, 36(2): 17
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Rouleau, N., Cairns, D. M., Rusk, W., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. (2021), Learning and synaptic plasticity in 3D bioengineered neural tissues Neuroscience Letters, 750: 135799
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Levin, M. (2021), Bioelectric Signaling: Reprogrammable Circuits Underlying Embryogenesis, Regeneration, and Cancer, Cell, 184(8): 1971-1989
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Bongard, J., and Levin, M. (2021), Living things are not (20th Century) machines: updating mechanism metaphors in light of the modern science of machine behavior, Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, 9: 650726
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Levin, M., Keijzer, F., Lyon, P., and Arend, D. (2021), Uncovering cognitive similarities and differences, conservation and innovation, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376(1821): 20200458 [cover]
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Lyon, P., Keijzer, F., Arendt, D., and Levin, M. (2021), Reframing cognition: getting down to biological basics, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 376(1820): 20190750 [cover]
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Shah, D., Yang, B., Kriegman, S., Levin, M., Bongard, J., and Kramer-Bottiglio, R. (2021), Shape changing robots: bioinspiration, simulation, and physical realization, Advanced Materials, 33(19): 2170150
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Srivastava, P., Kane, A., Harrison, C., and Levin, M. (2021), A Meta-Analysis of Bioelectric Data in Cancer, Embryogenesis, and Regeneration, Bioelectricity, 3(1): 42-67
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Pezzulo, G., Lapalme, J., Durant, F., and Levin, M. (2021), Bistability of Somatic Pattern Memories: Stochastic Outcomes in Bioelectric Circuits Underlying Regeneration, Philosophical Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 376(1821): 20190765
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Biswas, S., Manicka, S., Hoel, E., and Levin, M. (2021), Gene Regulatory Networks Exhibit Several Kinds of Memory: Quantification of Memory in Biological and Random Transcriptional Networks, iScience, 24(3): 102131
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Nanos, V., and Levin, M. (2021), Rewiring Endogenous Bioelectric Circuits in the Xenopus laevis Embryo Model, in M. R. Ebrahimkhani and J. Hislop (Eds.), Programmed Morphogenesis: Methods in Molecular Biology, 2258: 93-103
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Pentagna, N., Pinheiro da Costa, T., Soares Dos Santos, F., Martins de Almeida, F., Martinez, A. M. B., Abreu, J. G., Levin, M., and Carneiro, K. (2021), Epigenetic control of myeloid cells behavior by Histone Deacetylase Activity (HDAC) during tissue and organ regeneration in Xenopus laevis, Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 114: 103840
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2020

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Randazzo, E., Mordvintsev, A., Niklasson, E., Levin, M., and Greydanus, S. (2020), Self-classifying MNIST Digits Achieving Distributed Coordination with Neural Cellular Automata, Distill, 5(8), doi:10.23915/distill.00027.002
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Mordvintsev, A., Randazzo, E., Niklasson, E., and Levin, M. (2020), Growing Neural Cellular Automata: Differentiable Model of Morphogenesis, Distill, 5(2), doi:10.23915/distill.00027.002
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Cervera, J., Ramirez, P., Levin, M., and Mafe, S. (2020), Community effects allow bioelectrical reprogramming of cell membrane potentials in multicellular aggregates: Model simulations, Physical Review E, 102(5): 052412
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Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2020), How Do Living Systems Create Meaning?, Philosophies, 5(4): 36
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Selberg, J., Jafari, M., Mathews, J., Jia, M., Pansodtee, P., Dechiraju, H., Wu, C., Cordero, S., Flora, A., Yonas, N., Jannetty, S., Diberardinis, M., Teodorescu, M., Levin, M., Gomez, M., and Rolandi, M. (2020), Machine Learning-Driven Bioelectronics for Closed-Loop Control of Cells, Advanced Intelligent Systems, 2(12): 2000140 [cover]
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Sousounis, K., Erdogan, B., Levin, M., and Whited, J. L. (2020), Precise control of ion channel and gap junction expression is required for patterning of the regenerating axolotl limb, International Journal of Developmental Biology, 64(10-11-12): 485-494
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Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2020), Why isn't sex optional? Stem-cell competition, loss of regenerative capacity, and cancer in metazoan evolution, Communicative & Integrative Biology, 13(1): 170-183
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Levin, M., and Dennett, D. C. (2020), How to understand cells, tissues and organisms as agents with agendas, Aeon Essays
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Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2020), Does evolution have a target morphology?, Organisms. Journal of Biological Sciences, 4(1): 57-76
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Erndt-Marino, J., Yeisley, D. J., Chen, H., Levin, M., Kaplan, D. L., and Hahn, M. S. (2020), Interferon-Gamma Stimulated Murine Macrophages In Vitro: Impact of Ionic Composition and Osmolarity and Therapeutic Implications, Bioelectricity, 2(1): 48-58
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Jia, M., Dechiruji, H., Selberg J., Pansodtee P., Mathews, J., Wu, C., Levin, M., Teodorescu, M., and Rolandi, M. (2020), Bioelectronic Control of Chloride Ions and Concentration with Ag/AgCl Contacts, APL Materials, 8(9): 091106
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Levin, M. (2020), How Groups of Cells Cooperate to Build Organs and Organisms, The Scientist, 34(9): 38-45 [cover]
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Bischof, J., Day, M., Miller, K., LaPalme, J., and Levin, M. (2020), Nervous System and Tissue Polarity Dynamically Adapt to New Morphologies in Planaria, Developmental Biology, 467 (1-2): 51-65 [cover]
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Kuchling, F., Friston, K., Georgiev, G., and Levin, M. (2020), Integrating Variational Approaches to Pattern Formation into a Deeper Physics: Reply to comments on "Morphogenesis as Bayesian Inference: A Variational Approach to Pattern Formation and Manipulation in Complex Biological Systems", Physics of Life Reviews, 33: 125-128
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Leronni, A., Bardella, L., Dorfmann, L., Pietak, A., and Levin, M. (2020), On the coupling of mechanics with bioelectricity and its role in morphogenesis, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 17(167): 20200177
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Levin, M., and Rajnicek, A. M. (2020), Richard Borgens, 1946-2019, Bioelectricity, 2(2): 205
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Hoel, E., and Levin, M. (2020), Emergence of Informative Higher Scales in Biological Systems: a computational toolkit for optimal prediction and control, Communicative & Integrative Biology, 13(1): 108-118
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Rouleau, N., Bonzanni, M., Erndt-Marino, J., Sievert, K., Ramirez, C., Rusk, W., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. (2020), A 3D tissue model of traumatic brain injury with excitotoxicity that is inhibited by chronic exposure to gabapentinoids, Biomolecules, 10(8): 1196
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Levin, M., Bongard, J., and Lunshof, J. E. (2020), Applications and ethics of computer-designed organisms, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 21(11): 655-656
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Levin, M. (2020), Opinion: Use the Pandemic to Expand the Lab to the Home, The Scientist
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Williams, K., Bischof, J., Lee, F., Miller, K., LaPalme, J., Wolfe, B., and Levin, M. (2020), Regulation of axial and head patterning during planarian regeneration by a commensal bacterium, Mechanisms of Development, 163: 103614 [cover]
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Gawne, R., McKenna, K., and Levin, M. (2020), Competitive and Coordinative Interactions between Body Parts Produce Adaptive Developmental Outcomes, BioEssays, 42(8): 1900245 [cover]
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Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2020), Scale-Free Biology: Integrating Evolutionary and Developmental Thinking, BioEssays, 42(8): 1900228 [cover]
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Pai, V., Cervera, J., Mafe, S., Willocq, V., Lederer, E., and Levin, M. (2020), HCN2 Channel-induced Rescue of Brain Teratogenesis via local and long-range bioelectric repair, Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience, 14: 136
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Cervera, J., Levin, M., and Mafe, S. (2020), Bioelectrical Coupling of Single-Cell States in Multicellular Systems, Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, 11(9): 3234-3241
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Leigh, N. D., Sessa, S., Dragalzew, A. C., Payzin-Dogru, D., Sousa, J. F., Aggouras, A. N., Johnson, K., Dunlap, G. S., Haas, B. J., Levin, M., Schneider, I., and Whited, J. L. (2020), von Willebrand factor D and EGF domains is an evolutionarily conserved and required feature of blastemas capable of multitissue appendage regeneration, Evolution & Development, 22(4): 297-311 [cover]
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Kuchling, F., Friston, K., Georgiev, G., and Levin, M. (2020), Morphogenesis as Bayesian Inference: a Variational Approach to Pattern Formation and Control in Complex Biological Systems, Physics of Life Reviews, 33: 88-108
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Jajoo, A., Donlon, C., Shnayder, S., Levin, M., and McVey, M. (2020), Sertraline induces DNA damage and cellular toxicity in Drosophila that can be ameliorated by antioxidants, Scientific Reports, 10: 4512
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Levin, M. (2020), Revisiting Burr and Northrop's 'The Electro-Dynamic Theory of Life', Biological Theory, 15: rr83-90
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Sousounis, K., Bryant, D. M., Fernandez, J. M., Eddy, S. S., Tsai, S. L., Gundberg, G. C., Han, J., Courtemanche, K., Levin, M., and Whited, J. L. (2020), Eya2 promotes cell cycle progression by regulating DNA damage response during vertebrate limb regeneration, eLIFE, 9: e51217
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Kriegman, S., Nasab, A. M., Shah, D., Steele, H., Branin, G., Levin, M., Bongard, J. and Kramer-Bottiglio, R. (2020), Scalable sim-to-real transfer of soft robot designs, Proceedings of the 3rd IEEE International Conference on Soft Robotics (RoboSoft 2020), p. 359-366
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Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2020), Does regeneration recapitulate phylogeny? Communicative & Integrative Biology, 13(1): 27-38
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Herrera-Rincon, C., Paré, J-F., Martyniuk, C. J., Jannetty, S. K., Harrison C., Fischer, A., Dinis, A., Keshari, V., Novak, R., and Levin, M. (2020), An in vivo brain-bacteria interface: the developing brain as a key regulator of innate immunity, npj Regenerative Medicine, 5:2
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McMillen, P., Novak, R., and Levin, M. (2020), Toward Decoding Bioelectric Events in Xenopus Embryogenesis: New Methodology for Tracking Interplay Between Calcium and Resting Potentials In Vivo, Journal of Molecular Biology, 432(2): 605-620 [cover]
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Davison, A., McDowell, G. S., Holden, J. M., Johnson, H. F., Wade, C. M., Chiba, S., Jackson, D. J., Levin, M., and Blaxter, M. L. (2020), Formin, an opinion, Development, 147: dev187427
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Bonzanni, M., Rouleau, N., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. L. (2020), Optogenetically induced cellular habituation in non-neuronal cells, PLOS One, 15(1): e0227230
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Tung, A., and Levin, M. (2020), Extra-genomic instructive influences in morphogenesis: A review of external signals that regulate growth and form, Developmental Biology, 461(1): 1-12 [cover]
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Kriegman, S., Blackiston, D., Levin, M., and Bongard, J. (2020), A scalable pipeline for designing reconfigurable organisms, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 432(2): 605-620
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Kamaldinov, T., Erndt-Marino, J., Levin, M., Kaplan, D. L., and Hahn, M. S. (2020), Assessment of Enrichment of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Based on Plasma and Mitochondrial Membrane Potentials, Bioelectricity, 2(1): 21-32
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Healy, D., Faber, C., Lapalme, J., and Levin, M. (2020), Post-SSRI Sexual Dysfunction: a bioelectric mechanism?, Bioelectricity, 2(1): 7-13
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Levin, M. (2020), The Biophysics of Regenerative Repair Suggests New Perspectives on Biological Causation, BioEssays, 42(2): 1900146
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Cervera, J., Meseguer, S., Levin, M., and Mafe, S. (2020), Bioelectrical model of head-tail patterning based on cell ion channels and intercellular gap junctions, Bioelectrochemistry, 132: 107410
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Fields, C., Bischof, J., and Levin, M. (2020), Morphological Coordination: A Common Ancestral Function Unifying Neural and Non-Neural Signaling, Physiology, 35: 16-30
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Bonzanni, M., Payne, S. L., Adelfio, M., Kaplan, D. L., Levin, M., and Oudin, M. J. (2020), Defined extracellular ionic solutions to study and manipulate the cellular resting membrane potential, Biology Open, 9(1): bio048553
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2019

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Levin, M., Selberg, J., and Rolandi, M. (2019), Endogenous Bioelectrics in Development, Cancer, and Regeneration: Drugs and Bioelectronic Devices as Electroceuticals for Regenerative Medicine, iScience, 22: 519-533
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Manicka, S., and Levin, M. (2019), Modeling somatic computation with non-neural bioelectric networks, Scientific Reports, 9: 18612
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Levin, M. (2019), The Computational Boundary of a 'Self': Developmental Bioelectricity Drives Multicellularity and Scale-Free Cognition, Frontiers in Psychology, 10: 2688
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Emmons-Bell, M., Durant, F., Tung, A., Pietak, A., Miller, K., Kane, A., Martyniuk, C. J., Davidian, D., Morokuma, J., and Levin, M. (2019), Regenerative Adaptation To Electrochemical Perturbation In Planaria: A Molecular Analysis Of Physiological Plasticity, iScience, 22: 147-165
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Atsuta, Y., Tomizwa, R. R., Levin, M., and Tabin, C. J. (2019), L-type voltage-gated Ca²⁺ channel Ca_V1.2 regulates chondrogenesis during limb development, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 116(43): 21592-21601
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Grasman, J., Williams, M., Razis, C., Bonzanni, M., Golding, A., Cairns, D. M., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. L. (2019), Hyperosmolar potassium inhibits myofibroblast conversion and reduces scar tissue formation, ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering, 5(10): 5327-5336
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Levin, S., and Levin, M. (2019), Managing Ideas, People, and Projects: Organizational Tools and Strategies for Researchers, iScience, 20: 278-291
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Payne, S. L., Levin, M., and Oudin, M. J. (2019), Bioelectric control of metastasis in solid tumors, Bioelectricity, 1(3): 114-130
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Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2019), Somatic Multicellularity as a Satisficing Solution to the Prediction-Error Minimization Problem, Communicative & Integrative Biology, 12(1): 119-132
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Punjiya, M., Nehad, H. R., Mathews, J., Levin, M., and Sonkusale, S. (2019), A flow through device for simultaneous dielectrophoretic cell trapping and AC electroporation, Scientific Reports, 9: 11988
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Whited, J., and Levin, M. (2019), Bioelectrical controls of morphogenesis: from ancient mechanisms of cell coordination to biomedical opportunities, Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 57: 61-69 [cover]
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Levin, M., and Martinez-Arias, A. (2019), Reverse-engineering growth and form in Heidelberg, Development, 146(14): dev177261
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Kriegman, S., Walker, S., Shah, D. S., Levin, M., Kramer-Bottiglio, R., and Bongard, J. (2019), Automated Shapeshifting for Function Recovery in Damaged Robots, Proceedings of Robotics: Science and Systems XV: 28
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Cervera, C., Pai, V. P., Levin, M., and Mafe, S. (2019), From non-excitable single-cell to multicellular bioelectrical states supported by ion channels and gap junction proteins: electrical potentials as distributed controllers, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 149: 39-53 [cover]
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Bonzanni, M., Rouleau, N., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. (2019), On the generalization of habituation: how discrete biological systems respond to repetitive stimuli, BioEssays, 41(7): 1900028
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Beane, W. S., Adams, D. S., Morokuma, J., and Levin, M. (2019), Live Imaging of Intracellular pH in Planarians Using the Ratiometric Fluorescent Dye SNARF-5F-AM, Biology Methods and Protocols, 4(1): bpz005
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Cervera, J., Manzanares, J. A., Mafe, S., and Levin, M. (2019), Synchronization of Bioelectric Oscillations in Networks of Nonexcitable Cells: From Single-Cell to Multicellular States, Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 123(18): 3924-3934 [cover]
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Manicka, S., and Levin, M. (2019), The Cognitive Lens: a primer on conceptual tools for analysing information processing in developmental and regenerative morphogenesis, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 374(1774): 20180369
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Pietak, A., Bischof, J., LaPalme, J., Morokuma, J., and Levin, M. (2019), Neural control of body-plan axis in regenerating planaria, PLOS Computational Biology, 15(4): e1006904
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Bizzari, M., Brash, D., Briscoe, J., Grieneisen, V., Stern, C. D., and Levin, M. (2019), A Call for a Better Understanding of Causation in Cell Biology, Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology, 20(5): 261-262
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Sundelacruz, S., Moody, A. T., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. (2019), Membrane potential depolarization alters calcium flux and phosphate signaling during osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells, Bioelectricity, 1(1): 56-66
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Hammelman, J., Siegelmann, H., Manicka, S., and Levin, M. (2019), Toward modeling regeneration via adaptable echo state networks, in A. Adamatzky, S. Akl, and G. Sirakoulis (Eds.), From parallel to emergent computing, Chapter 6, pages 117-133, CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL

Berard, A., Levin, M., Sadler, T., and Healy, D. (2019), Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Use During Pregnancy and Major Malformations: The Importance of Serotonin for Embryonic Development and the Effect of Serotonin Inhibition on the Occurrence of Malformations, Bioelectricity, 1(1): 18-29
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Ferenc, N. N., and Levin, M. (2019), Effects of ivermectin exposure on regeneration of D. dorotocephala planaria: exploiting human-approved ion channel drugs as morphoceuticals, Macromolecular Bioscience, 19(3): 1800237 [cover]
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Levin, M., Pietak, A., and Bischof, J. (2019), Planarian Regeneration as a Model of Anatomical Homeostasis: Recent Progress in Biophysical and Computational Approaches, Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 87: 125-144
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Durant, F., Bischof, J., Fields, C., Morokuma, J., LaPalme, J., Hoi, A., and Levin, M. (2019), The role of early bioelectric signals in the regeneration of planarian anterior/posterior polarity, Biophysical Journal, 116(5): 948-961
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Churchill, C. D. M., Winter, P., Tuszynski, J. A., and Levin, M. (2019), EDEn - Electroceutical Design Environment: Ion Channel Tissue Expression Database with Small Molecule Modulators, iScience,11: 42-56
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2018

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Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2018), Multiscale Memory And Bioelectric Error Correction In The Cytoplasm-Cytoskeleton-Membrane System, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine, 10(2): e1410 [cover]
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Minh-Thai, T. N., Aryal, J., Samarasinghe, S., and Levin, M. (2018), A Computational Framework for Autonomous Self-repair Systems, in Mitrovic, T., Xue, B., and Li, X. (Eds.), AI 2018: Advances in Artificial Intelligence. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 11320: 153-159, Springer: Cham
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Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2018), Ahead of the Curve: hidden breakthroughs in the biosciences, Vol. 2, IOP Publishing Ltd: Bristol [cover]
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Lee, F. J., Williams, K. B., Levin, M., and Wolfe, B. E. (2018), The bacterial metabolite indole inhibits regeneration of the planarian flatworm Dugesia japonica, iScience, 10: 135-148
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Herrera-Rincon, C., Golding, A. S., Moran, K. M., Harrison, C., Martyniuk, C. J., Guay, J. A., Zaltsman, J., Carabello, H., Kaplan, D. L., and Levin, M. (2018), Brief Local Application of Progesterone via a Wearable Bioreactor Induces Long-Term Regenerative Response in Adult Xenopus Hindlimb, Cell Reports, 25(6): 1593-1609
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Kamm, R. D., Bashir, R., Arora, N., Dar, R. D., Gilette, M. U., Griffith, L. G., Kemp, M. L., Kinlaw, K., Levin, M., Martin, A. C., McDevitt, T. C., Nerem, R. M., Powers, M. J., Saif, T. A., Sharpe, J., Takayama, S., Takeuchi, S., Weiss, R., Ye, K., Yevick, H. G., and Zaman, M. H. (2018), Perspective: the promise of multi-cellular engineered living systems, APL Bioengineering, 2(4): 040901
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Cairns, D. M., Giordano, J. E., Conte, S., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. L. (2018), Ivermectin promotes peripheral nerve regeneration during wound healing, ACS Omega, 3(10): 12392-12402
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Hart, M. R., Anderson, D. J., Porter, C. C., Neff, T., Levin, M., and Horwitz, M. S. (2018), Activating PAX gene family paralogs to complement PAX5 leukemia driver mutations, PLoS Genetics, 14(9): 1007642
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Busse, S. M., McMillen, P. T., and Levin, M. (2018), Cross-limb Communication During Xenopus Hind-limb Regenerative Response: Non-Local Bioelectric Injury Signals, Development, 145(19): dev164210
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Moore, D. G., Walker, S. I., and Levin, M. (2018), Pattern Regeneration in Coupled Networks, in T. Ikegami, N. Virgo, O. Witkowski, M. Oka, R. Suzuki and H. Iizuka (Eds.), ALIFE 2018: The 2018 Conference on Artificial Life. MIT Press: Tokyo, p. 204-205
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Ferreira, G. B. S., Scheutz, M., and Levin, M. (2018), Modeling Cell Migration in a Simulated Bioelectrical Signaling Network for Anatomical Regeneration, in T. Ikegami, N. Virgo, O. Witkowski, M. Oka, R. Suzuki and H. Iizuka (Eds.), ALIFE 2018: The 2018 Conference on Artificial Life. MIT Press: Tokyo, p. 194-201
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Brodsky, M., and Levin, M. (2018), From Physics to Pattern: Uncovering Pattern Formation in Tissue Electrophysiology, in T. Ikegami, N. Virgo, O. Witkowski, M. Oka, R. Suzuki and H. Iizuka (Eds.), ALIFE 2018: The 2018 Conference on Artificial Life. MIT Press: Tokyo, p. 351-358
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Moore, D. G., Valentini, G., Walker, S. I., and Levin, M. (2018), Inform: Efficient Information-Theoretic Analysis of Collective Behaviors, Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 5: 60
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Pezzulo, G., and Levin, M. (2018), Embodying Markov blankets. Comment on 'Answering Schrödinger's question: A free-energy formulation' by Maxwell James Désormeau Ramstead et al., Physics of Life Reviews, 24: 32-36
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Cervera, J., Pietak, A., Levin, M., and Mafe, S. (2018), Bioelectrical coupling in multicellular domains regulated by gap junctions: a conceptual approach, Bioelectrochemistry, 123: 45-61 [cover]
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Pietak, A., and Levin, M. (2018), Bioelectrical control of positional information in development and regeneration: a review of conceptual and computational advances, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 137: 52-68
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Mathews, J., and Levin, M. (2018), The Body Electric 2.0: Recent Advances in Developmental Bioelectricity for Regenerative and Synthetic Bioengineering, Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 52: 134-144
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Monsoro-Burq, A. H., and Levin, M. (2018), Avian models and the study of invariant asymmetry: how the chicken and the egg taught us to tell right from left, International Journal of Developmental Biology, 62(1-3): 63-77
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Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2018), Are planaria individuals? What regenerative biology is telling us about the nature of multicellularity, Evolutionary Biology, 45(3): 237-247
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Pai, V. P., Pietak, A., Willocq, V., Ye, B., Shi, N-Q., and Levin, M. (2018), HCN2 Rescues brain defects by enforcing endogenous voltage pre-patterns, Nature Communications, 9(1): 998
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Sullivan, K. G., and Levin, M. (2018), Inverse Drug Screening of Bioelectric Signaling and Neurotransmitter Roles: Illustrated Using a Xenopus Tail Regeneration Assay, Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 2018(3): 154-163
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Levin, M., and Martyniuk, C. J. (2018), The bioelectric code: An ancient computational medium for dynamic control of growth and form, BioSystems, 164: 76-93
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Cairns, D. M., Boorgu, D. S. S. K., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. L. (2018), Niclosamide rescues microcephaly in a humanized in vivo model of Zika infection using human induced neural stem cells, Biology Open, 7(1): bio031807
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Herrera-Rincon, C., and Levin, M. (2018), Booting up the organism during development: pre-behavioral functions of the vertebrate brain in guiding body morphogenesis, Communicative & Integrative Biology, 11(1): e1433440 [cover]
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Vallverdu, J., Castro, O., Mayne, R., Talanov, M., Levin, M., Baluška, F., Gunji, Y., Dussutour, A., Zenil, H., and Adamatzky, A. (2018), Slime mould: the fundamental mechanisms of biological cognition, BioSystems, 165: 57-70
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Moore, D. G., Valentini, G., Walker, S. I., and Levin, M. (2018), Inform: a toolkit for information-theoretic analysis of complex systems, Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), p. 3258-3265
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Ferreira, G. B. S., Scheutz, M., and Levin, M. (2018), Introducing Simulated Stem Cells into a Bio-Inspired Cell-Cell Communication Mechanism for Structure Regeneration, Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Symposium Series on Computational Intelligence (SSCI), p. 2778-2785
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2017

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Tuszynski, J., Tilli, T. M., and Levin, M. (2017), Ion channel and neurotransmitter modulators as electroceutical approaches to the control of cancer, Current Pharmaceutical Design, 23(32): 4827-4841
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Herrera-Rincon, C., Pai, V. P., Moran, K. M., Lemire, J. M., and Levin, M. (2017), The brain is required for normal muscle and nerve patterning during early Xenopus development, Nature Communications, 8(1): 587
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Pitcairn, E., Harris, H., Epiney, J., Pai, V. P., Lemire, J. M., Ye, B., Shi, N-Q., Levin, M., and McLaughlin, K. A. (2017), Coordinating heart morphogenesis: A novel role for Hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotidegated (HCN) channels during cardiogenesis in Xenopus laevis, Communicative & Integrative Biology, 10(3): e1309488 [cover]
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Pietak, A. M., and Levin, M. (2017), Bioelectric Gene and Reaction Networks: Computational Modeling of Genetic, Biochemical, and Bioelectrical Dynamics in Pattern Regulation, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 14(134): 20170425 [cover]
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McLaughlin, K. A., and Levin, M. (2017), Bioelectric Signaling in Regeneration: Mechanisms of Ionic Controls of Growth and Form, Developmental Biology, 433(2): 177-189
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Pai, V. P., Willocq, V., Pitcairn, E. J., Lemire, J. M., Paré, J-F., Shi, N-Q., McLaughlin, K. A., and Levin, M. (2017), HCN4 Ion Channel Function is Required for Early Events that Regulate Anatomical Left-Right Patterning in a Nodal- and Lefty Asymmetric gene Expression-Independent Manner, Biology Open, 6(10): 1445-1457
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Moore, D., Walker, S. I., and Levin, M. (2017), Cancer as a Disorder of Patterning Information: computational and biophysical perspectives on the cancer problem, Convergent Science Physical Oncology, 3(4): 043001
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Bryant, D. M., Sousounis, K., Farkas, J. E., Bryant, S., Thao, N., Guzikowski, A. R., Monaghan, J. R., Levin, M., and Whited, J. L. (2017), Repeated removal of developing limb buds permanently reduces appendage size in the highly-regenerative axolotl, Developmental Biology, 424(1): 1-9 [cover]
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Adams, D. S., Tseng, A-S., and Levin, M. (2017), Using optogenetics in vivo to stimulate regeneration, in K. Appasani (Ed.), Optogenetics: From Neuronal Function to Mapping and Disease Biology. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, p. 66-76

Ferreira, G. B., Scheutz, M., and Levin, M. (2017), Investigating the Effects of Noise on a Cell-to-Cell Communication Mechanism for Structure Regeneration, in C. Knibbe, D. Parsons, D. Misevic, J. Rouzaud-Cornaba, N. Bredèche, S. Hassas, O. Simonin, and H. Soula. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 14th European Conference on Artificial Life (ECAL 2017), Lyon, France, p. 170-177
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Zahn, N., Levin, M., and Adams, D. S. (2017), The Zahn Drawings: new illustrations of Xenopus embryo and tadpole stages for studies of craniofacial development, Development, 144(15): 2708-2713 [cover]
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Dungan, J., Mathews, J., Levin, M., and Koomson, V. (2017), Microfluidic Platform to Study Intercellular Connectivity Through on-Chip Electrical Impedance Measurement, IEEE 60th International Midwest Symposium on Circuits and Systems, Boston, MA, p.56-69
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Paré, J-F., Martyniuk, C. J., and Levin, M. (2017), Bioelectric regulation of innate immune system function in regenerating and intact Xenopus laevis, npj Regenerative Medicine, 2: 15
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Durant, F., Morokuma, J., Fields, C., Williams, K., Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2017), Long-Term, Stochastic Editing of Regenerative Anatomy via Targeting Endogenous Bioelectric Gradients, Biophysical Journal, 112(10): 2231-2243 [cover]
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Levin, M., Morokuma, J., and Finkelstein, J. (2017), Space travel has effects on planarian regeneration that cannot be explained by a null hypothesis, Regeneration, 4(4): 156-158
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Morokuma, J., Durant, F. R., Williams, K. B., Finkelstein, J. M., Blackiston, D. J., Clements, T., Reed, D. W., Roberts, M., Jain, M., Kimel, K., Trayger, S. A., Wolfe, B. E., and Levin, M. (2017), Planarian regeneration in space: persistent anatomical, behavioral, and bacteriological changes induced by space travel, Regeneration, 4(2): 85-102 [cover]
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Mathews, J., and Levin, M. (2017), Gap Junctional Signaling in Pattern Regulation: physiological network connectivity instructs growth and form, Developmental Neurobiology, 77(5): 643-673
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Levin, M., Pezzulo, G., and Finkelstein, J. M. (2017), Endogenous Bioelectric Signaling Networks: Exploiting Voltage Gradients for Control of Growth and Form, Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, 19: 353-387
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Thurber, A. E., Nelson, M., Frost, C. L., Levin, M., Brackenbury, W. J., and Kaplan, D. L. (2017), IK channel activation increases tumor growth and induces differential behavioral responses in two breast epithelial cell lines, Oncotarget, 8(26): 42382-42397
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Blackiston, D., Vien, K., and Levin, M. (2017), Serotonergic stimulation induces nerve growth and promotes visual learning via posterior eye grafts in a vertebrate model of induced sensory plasticity, npj Regenerative Medicine, 2: 8
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Lobo, D., Lobikin, M., and Levin, M. (2017), Discovering novel phenotypes with automatically inferred dynamic models: partial melanocyte conversion in Xenopus, Scientific Reports, 7: 41339
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Blackiston, D. J., and Levin, M. (2017), Reversals of bodies, brains, and behavior: quantitative analysis of laterality and its disturbance in model species, in L. J. Rogers and G. Vallortigara (Eds.), Lateralized Brain Functions: Methods in Human and Non-human Species, "Neuromethods", W. Walz (Ed.), 122: 667-694
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Garcia-Quismondo, M., Levin, M., and Lobo, D. (2017), Modeling regenerative processes with Membrane Computing, Information Sciences, 381: 229-249
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Lobo, D., and Levin, M. (2017), Computing a worm: reverse-engineering planarian regeneration, in Adamatzky, A. (Ed), Advances in Unconventional Computing. Emergence, Complexity and Computation, vol 23, Springer: Cham, pp. 637-654

De, Abhishek, Chakravarthy, V. S., and Levin, M. (2017), A Computational Model of Planarian Regeneration, International Journal of Parallel, Emergent, and Distributed Systems, 32(4): 331-347
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2016

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Levin, M., and Adams, D. S. (2016), Ahead of the Curve: Hidden Breakthroughs in the Biosciences, Vol. 1, IOP Publishing: Bristol, UK [cover]

Levin, M., Klar, A. J. S., and Ramsdell, A. (2016), Introduction to provocative questions in Left-Right asymmetry, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 371(1710): 20150399
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McDowell, G., Rajadurai, S., and Levin, M. (2016), From cytoskeletal dynamics to organ asymmetry: a nonlinear, regulative pathway underlies left-right patterning, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 371(1710): 20150409 [cover]
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Pezzulo, G., and Levin, M. (2016), Top-down models in biology: explanation and control of complex living systems above the molecular level, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 13(124): 20160555
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Herrera-Rincon, C., Guay, J., and Levin, M. (2016), Bioelectrical coordination of cell activity toward anatomical target states: an engineering perspective on regeneration, Chapter 4 in D. Gardiner (Ed.), Regenerative Engineering and Developmental Biology: Principles and Applications, CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, p. 55-112
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Neuhof, M., Levin, M., and Rechavi, O. (2016), Vertically and horizontally-transmitted memories - the fading boundaries between regeneration and inheritance in planaria, Biology Open, 5(9): 1177-1188 [cover]
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Ferreira, G., Smiley, M., Scheutz, M., and Levin, M. (2016), Dynamic structure discovery and repair for 3D cell assemblages, Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems (ALIFEXV), p. 352-359
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Serlin, Z., Rife, J., and Levin, M. (2016), A Level Set Approach to Simulating Xenopus laevis Tail Regeneration, Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference on the Synthesis and Simulation of Living Systems (ALIFEXV), p. 528-535
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Pietak, A., and Levin, M. (2016), Exploring Instructive Physiological Signaling with the Bioelectric Tissue Simulation Engine , Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 4: 55
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Baluška, F., and Levin, M. (2016), On Having No Head: Cognition throughout Biological Systems, Frontiers in Psychology, 7: 902
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Pai, V. P., Martyniuk, C. J., Echeverri, K., Sundelacruz, S., Kaplan, D. L., and Levin, M. (2016), Genome-wide analysis reveals conserved transcriptional responses downstream of resting potential change in Xenopus embryos, axolotl regeneration, and human mesenchymal cell differentiation, Regeneration, 3(1): 3-25
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Golding, A., Guay, J. A., Herrera-Rincon, C., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. L. (2016), A Tunable Silk Hydrogel Device for Studying Limb Regeneration in Adult Xenopus laevis, PLoS One, 11(6): e0155618
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Sullivan, K. G., Emmons-Bell, M., and Levin, M. (2016), Physiological Inputs Regulate Species-Specific Anatomy During Embryogenesis And Regeneration, Communicative & Integrative Biology, 9(4): e1192733 [cover]
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Lobo, D., Morokuma, J., and Levin, M. (2016), Computational discovery and in vivo validation of hnf4 as a regulatory gene in planarian re-generation, Bioinformatics, 32(17): 2681-2685
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Rothman, G., Blackiston, D., and Levin, M. (2016), Color and intensity discrimination in Xenopus laevis tadpoles, Animal Cognition, 19(5): 911-919
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Edelstein, L., Fuxe, K., Levin, M., Popescu, B., and Smythies, J. (2016), Telocytes in their context with other intercellular communication agents, Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 55: 9-13
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Davison, A., McDowell, G. S., Holden, J. M., Johnson, H. F., Koutsovoulos, G. D., Liu, M. M., Hulpiau, P., Van Roy, F., Wade, C. W., Banerjee, R., Yang, F., Chiba, S., Davey, J. W., Jackson, D. J., Levin, M., and Blaxter, M. L., (2016), Formin Is Associated with Left-Right Asymmetry in the Pond Snail and the Frog, Current Biology, 26(5): 654-660 [cover]
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Durant, F., Lobo, D., Hammelman, J., and Levin, M. (2016), Physiological controls of large-scale patterning in planarian regeneration: a molecular and computational perspective on growth and form, Regeneration, 3(2): 78-102 [cover]
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Sullivan, K. G., and Levin, M. (2016), Neurotransmitter signaling pathways required for normal development in Xenopus laevis embryos: a pharmacological survey screen, Journal of Anatomy, 229(4): 483-502 [cover]
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Chernet, B. T., Adams, D. S., Lobikin, M., and Levin, M. (2016), Use of genetically encoded, light-gated ion translocators to control tumorigenesis, Oncotarget, 7(15): 19575-19588
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Adams, D. S., Uzel, S. G. M., Akagi, J., Wlodkowic, D., Andreeva, V., Yelick, P. C., Devitt-Lee, A., Paré, J-F., and Levin, M. (2016), Bioelectric signaling via potassium channels: a mechanism for craniofacial dysmorphogenesis in KCNJ2-associated Andersen-Tawil Syndrome, Journal of Physiology, 594(12): 3245-3270 [cover]
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McDowell, G. S., Lemire, J. M., Paré, J-F., Cammarata, G., Lowery, L. A., and Levin, M. (2016), Conserved roles for cytoskeletal components in determining laterality, Integrative Biology, 8(3): 267-286 [cover]
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Li, C., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. (2016), Bioelectric modulation of macrophage polarization, Scientific Reports, 6: 21044
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Dimonte, A., Adamatzky, A., Erokhin, V., and Levin, M. (2016), On chirality of slime mould, BioSystems, 140: 23-27
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Lobo, D., Hammelman, J., and Levin, M. (2016), MoCha: molecular characterization of unknown pathways, Journal of Computational Biology, 23(4): 291-297
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Whiting, J. G. H., Jones, J., Bull, L., Levin, M., and Adamatzky, A. (2016), Towards a physarum learning chip, Scientific Reports, 6: 19948
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Hammelman, J., Lobo, D., and Levin, M. (2016), Artificial neural networks as models of robustness in development and regeneration: stability of memory during morphological remodeling, in S. Shanmuganathan and S. Samarasinghe (Eds.), Artificial Neural Network (ANN) Modeling. Studies in Computational Intelligence, vol. 628, pp. 45-65
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2015

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Sundelacruz, S., Levin M., and Kaplan, D. L. (2015), Comparison of the depolarization response of human mesenchymal stem cells from different donors, Scientific Reports, 5: 18279
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Emmons-Bell, M., Durant, F., Hammelman, J., Bessonov, N., Volpert, V., Morokuma, J., Pinet, K., Adams, D. S., Pietak, A., Lobo, D., and Levin, M. (2015), Gap junctional blockade stochastically induces different species-specific head anatomies in genetically wild-type Girardia dorotocephala flatworms, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 16(11): 27865-27896 [cover]
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Pezzulo, G., and Levin, M. (2015), Re-membering the body: applications of computational neuroscience to the top-down control of regeneration of limbs and other complex organs, Integrative Biology, 7(12): 1487-1517 [cover]
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Pang, J., Özkucur, N., Ren, M., Kaplan, D. L., Levin, M., and Miller, E. L. (2015), Automatic neuron segmentation and neural network analysis method for phase contrast microscopy images, Biomedical Optics Express, 6(11): 4395-4416
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Lobikin, M., Lobo, D., Blackiston, D. J., Martyniuk, C. J., Tkachenko, E., and Levin, M. (2015), Serotonergic regulation of melanocyte conversion: A bioelectrically regulated network for stochastic all-or-none hyperpigmentation, Science Signaling, 8(397): ra99
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Law, R., and Levin, M. (2015), Bioelectric memory: modeling resting potential bistability in amphibian embryos and mammalian cells, Theoretical Biology and Medical Modelling, 12(1): 22
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Schatzberg, D., Lawton, M., Hadyniak, S. E., Ross E. J., Carney, T., Beane, W. S., Levin, M., and Bradham, C. A. (2015), H+/K+-ATPase activity is required for biomineralization in sea urchin embryos, Developmental Biology, 406(2): 259-270
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Bessonov, N., Levin, M., Morozova, N., Reinberg, N., Tosenberger, A., and Volpert, V. (2015), Target morphology and cell memory: a model of regenerative pattern formation, Neural Regeneration Research, 10(12): 1901-1905 [cover]
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Blackiston, D. J., Shomrat, T., and Levin, M. (2015), The Stability of Memories During Brain Remodeling: a Perspective, Communicative & Integrative Biology, 8(5): e1073424 [cover]
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Pai, V. P., Lemire, J. M., Chen, Y., Lin, G., and Levin, M. (2015), Local and long-range endogenous resting potential gradients antagonistically regulate apoptosis and proliferation in the embryonic CNS, International Journal of Developmental Biology, 59(7-9): 327-340
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Lobikin, M., Paré, J-F., Kaplan, D. L., and Levin, M. (2015), Selective Depolarization Of Transmembrane Potential Alters Muscle Patterning And Muscle Cell Localization In Embryonic Xenopus Laevis, International Journal of Developmental Biology, 59(7-9): 303-311 [cover]
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Lobo, D., and Levin, M. (2015), Inferring regulatory networks from experimental morphological phenotypes: a computational method reverse-engineers planarian regeneration, PLoS Computational Biology, 11(6): e1004295
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Tosenberger, A., Bessonov, N., Levin, M., Reinberg, N., Volpert, V., and Morozova, N. (2015), A conceptual model of morphogenesis and regeneration, Acta Biotheoretica, 63(3): 283-294
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Levin, M. (2015), Gap junctions: versatile mediators of long-range developmental signals, The Node
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Levin, M. (2015), Nerves read the electrical typography of their microenvironment in making growth decisions, The Node
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Friston, K., Levin, M., Sengupta, B., and Pezzulo, G. (2015), Knowing one's place: a free energy approach to pattern regulation, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 12(105): 20141383
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Pai, V., Lemire, J. M., Paré, J-F., Lin, G., Chen, Y., and Levin, M. (2015), Endogenous gradients of resting potential instructively pattern embryonic neural tissue via Notch signaling and regulation of proliferation, Journal of Neuroscience, 35(10): 4366-4385
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Özkucur, N., Quinn, K. P., Pang, J. C., Du, C., Georgakoudi, I., Miller, E., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. L. (2015), Membrane potential depolarization causes alterations in neuron arrangement and connectivity in cocultures, Brain and Behavior, 5(1): 24-38
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Bessonov, N., Levin, M., Morozova, N., Reinberg, N., Tosenberger, A., and Volpert, V. (2015), On a model of pattern recognition based on cell memory, PLoS One, 10(2): e0118091
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Blackiston, D., Anderson, G. M., Rahman, N., Bieck, C., and Levin, M. (2015), A novel method for inducing nerve growth via modulation of host resting potential, Neurotherapeutics, 12(1): 170-184
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Chernet, B. T., Fields, C., and Levin, M. (2015), Long-range gap junctional signaling controls oncogene-mediated tumorigenesis in Xenopus laevis embryos, Frontiers in Physiology, 5: 519
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2014

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Levin, M. (2014), Molecular bioelectricity: how endogenous voltage potentials control cell behavior and instruct pattern regulation in vivo, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 25(24): 3835-3850
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Jewhurst, K., Levin, M., and McLaughlin, K. A. (2014), Optogenetic Control of Apoptosis in Targeted Tissues of Xenopus laevis Embryos, Journal of Cell Death, 7: 25-31
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Adams, D. S., Lemire, J. M., Kramer, R. H., and Levin, M. (2014), Optogenetics in developmental biology: using light to control ion flux-dependent signals in Xenopus embryos, International Journal of Developmental Biology, 58(10-12): 851-861
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Vandenberg, L. N., Blackiston, D. J., Rea, A. C., Dore, T. M., and Levin, M. (2014), Left-right patterning in Xenopus conjoined twin embryos requires serotonin signaling and gap junctions, International Journal of Developmental Biology, 58(10-12): 799-809
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Zhu, F., Skommer, J., Huang, Y., Akagi, J., Adams, D. S., Levin, M., Hall, C. J., Crosier, P. S., and Wlodkowic, D. (2014), Fishing on chips: up-and-coming technological advances in analysis of zebrafish and Xenopus embryos, Cytometry A, 85A(11): 921-932
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Lobo, D., Feldman, E. B., Shah, M., Malone, T. J., and Levin, M. (2014), Limbform: a functional ontology-based database of limb regeneration experiments, Bioinformatics, 30(24): 3598-3600
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Lan, J. Y., Williams, C., Levin, M., and Black, L. D. III (2014), Depolarization of Cellular Resting Membrane Potential Promotes Neonatal Cardiomyocyte Proliferation In Vitro, Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering, 7(3): 432-445
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Mustard, J., and Levin, M. (2014), Bioelectrical mechanisms for programming growth and form: taming physiological networks for soft body robotics, Soft Robotics, 1(3): 169-191
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Lobo, D., Feldman, E. B., Shah, M., Malone, T., and Levin, M. (2014), A bioinformatics expert system linking functional data to anatomical outcomes in limb regeneration, Regeneration, 1(2): 37-56
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Budnikova, M., Habig, J. W., Cornia, N., Levin, M., Lobo, D., and Andersen, T. (2014), Design of a flexible component gathering algorithm forconverting cell-based models to graph representations for use inevolutionary search, BMC Bioinformatics, 15(1): 178
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Chernet, B., and Levin, M. (2014), Transmembrane voltage potential of somatic cells controls oncogene-mediated tumorigenesis at long-range, Oncotarget, 5(10): 3287-3306 [cover]
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Hernandez-Diaz, S., and Levin, M. (2014), Alteration of bioelectrically-controlled processes in the embryo: a teratogenic mechanism for anticonvulsants, Reproductive Toxicology, 47: 111-114
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Pai, V., and Levin, M. (2014), Bioelectric controls of stem cell function, Chapter 5 in F. Calegari and C. Waskow (Eds.), Stem Cells: From Basic Research to Therapy, Volume 1, CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, pp. 106-148
Amazon book

Levin, M. (2014), Endogenous bioelectrical networks store non-genetic patterning information during development and regeneration, Journal of Physiology, 592(11): 2295-2305
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Lobo, D., Solano, M., Bubenik, G. A., and Levin, M. (2014), A linear-encoding model explains the variability of the target morphology in regeneration, Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 11(92): 20130918
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Lobikin, M., and Levin, M. (2014), Endogenous bioelectric cues as morphogenetic signals in vivo, Chapter 15 in D. Fels, M. Cifra, and F. Scholkmann (Eds), Fields of the Cell, Research Signpost: Kerala, India, pp. 283-302
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Lange, C., Prenninger, S., Knuckles, P., Taylor, V., Levin, M., and Calegari, F. (2014), V-ATPase maintains neural stem cells in the developing mouse cortex, in S. Nakamuri (Ed.), Handbook of H+ ATPases, Pan Stanford Pte. Ltd: Singapore, pp. 413-430
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2013

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Vandenberg, L. N., Lemire, J. M, and Levin, M. (2013), It's Never too Early to get it Right: A Conserved Role for the Cytoskeleton in Left-Right Asymmetry, Communicative & Integrative Biology, 6(6): e27155
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Levin, M. (2013), Remembrance of Brains Past, The Node
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Rea, A. C., Vandenberg, L. N., Ball, R. E., Snouffer, A. A., Hudson, A. G., Zhu, Y., McLain, D. E., Johnston, L. L., Lauderdale J. D., Levin, M., and Dore, T. M. (2013), Light-activated serotonin for exploring its action in biological systems, Chemistry & Biology, 20(12): 1536-1546
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Sundelacruz, S., Li, C., Choi, Y. J., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. L. (2013) Bioelectric modulation of wound healing in a 3D in vitro model of tissue-engineered bone, Biomaterials, 34(28): 6695-705
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Sundelacruz, S., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. L. (2013), Depolarization Alters Phenotype, Maintains Plasticity of Predifferentiated Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Tissue Engineering Part A, 19(17-18): 1889-1908
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Chernet, B., and Levin, M. (2013), Endogenous voltage potentials and the microenvironment: bioelectric signals that reveal, induce, and normalize cancer, Journal of Clinical and Experimental Oncology, S1: doi:10.4172/2324-9110.S1-002 [cover]
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Levin, M. (2013), Reprogramming cells and tissue patterning via bioelectrical pathways: molecular mechanisms and biomedical opportunities, Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Systems Biology and Medicine, 5(6): 657-676
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Shomrat, T., and Levin, M. (2013), An automated training paradigm reveals long-term memory in planaria and its persistence through head regeneration, Journal of Experimental Biology, 216(20): 3799-3810
PDF | Overview

Levin, M. (2013), Bioelectrical signaling has rich history, Physics Today, 66(9): 11
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Blackiston, D. J., and Levin, M. (2013), Inversion of left-right asymmetry alters performance of Xenopus tadpoles in nonlateralized cognitive tasks, Animal Behaviour, 86(2): 459-466
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Vandenberg, L. N., and Levin, M. (2013), A unified model for left-right asymmetry? Comparison and synthesis of molecular models of laterality, Developmental Biology, 379(1): 1-15 [cover]
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Lobo, D., Malone, T. J., and Levin, M. (2013), Towards a bioinformatics of patterning: a computational approach to understanding regulative morphogenesis, Biology Open, 2(2): 156-169 [cover]
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Vandenberg, L. N., Morrie, R. D., Seebohm, G., Lemire, J. M., and Levin, M. (2013), Rab GTPases are required for early orientation of the left-right axis in Xenopus, Mechanisms of Development, 130(4-5): 254-271 [cover]
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Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2013), Endogenous Voltage Gradients as Mediators of Cell-Cell Communication: Strategies for Investigating Bioelectrical Signals During Pattern Formation, Cell and Tissue Research, 352(1):95-122 [cover]
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Blackiston, D. J., and Levin, M. (2013), Ectopic eyes outside the head in Xenopus tadpoles provide sensory data for light-mediated learning, Journal of Experimental Biology, 216(6): 1031-1040
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Lobo, D., Malone, T. J., and Levin, M. (2013), Planform: an application and database of graph-encoded planarian regenerative experiments, Bioinformatics, 29(8): 1098-1100
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Koustubhan, P., Kaplan, D., and Levin, M. (2013), Humane anesthesia and pain management in amphibian limb surgery of Rana pipiens, Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 2013(2): 149-155 [cover]
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Chernet, B. T., and Levin, M. (2013), Transmembrane voltage potential is an essential cellular parameter for the detection and control of tumor development in a Xenopus model, Disease Models & Mechanisms, 6(3): 595-607
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Tseng, A-S., and Levin, M. (2013), Cracking the bioelectric code: probing endogenous ionic controls of pattern formation, Communicative & Integrative Biology, 6(1): e22595 [cover]
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Adams, D. S., Tseng, A-S. and Levin, M. (2013), Light-activation of the Archaerhodopsin H+ pump reverses age-dependent loss of vertebrate regeneration: sparking system-level controls in vivo, Biology Open, 2(3): 306-313
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Vandenberg, L. N., Lemire, J. M., and Levin, M. (2013), Serotonin has early, cilia-independent roles in Xenopus left-right patterning, Disease Models and Mechanisms, 6(1): 261-268 [cover]
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Beane, W. S., Morokuma, J., Lemire, J. M., and Levin, M. (2013), Bioelectric signaling regulates head and organ size during planarian regeneration, Development, 140(2): 313-322
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2012

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Vandenberg, L. N., Stevenson, C., and Levin, M. (2012), Low frequency vibrations induce malformations in two aquatic species in a frequency-, waveform-, and direction-specific manner, PLoS One, 7(12): e51473
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Pai, V. P., Vandenberg, L. N., Blackiston, D. J., and Levin, M. (2012), Neurally derived tissues in Xenopus laevis embryos exhibit a consistent bioelectrical left-right asymmetry, Stem Cells International, 2012: 353491
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Lobikin, M., Chernet, B., Lobo, D., and Levin, M. (2012), Resting potential, oncogene-induced tumorigenesis, and metastasis: the bioelectric basis of cancer in vivo, Physical Biology, 9(6): 065002 [cover]
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Lobikin, M., Wang, G., Xu, J.-S., Hsieh, Y.-W., Chuang, C.-F., Lemire, J. M., and Levin, M. (2012), Early, nonciliary role for microtubule proteins in left-right patterning is conserved across kingdoms, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 109(31): 12586-12591
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Tseng, A.-S., and Levin, M. (2012), Transducing bioelectrical signals into epigenetic pathways during tadpole tail regeneration, Anatomical Record, 295(10): 1541-1551
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Levin, M. (2012), Morphogenetic fields in embryogenesis, regeneration, and cancer: non-local control of complex patterning, BioSystems, 109(3): 243-261
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Vandenberg, L. N., Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2012), Normalized shape and location of perturbed craniofacial structures in the Xenopus tadpole reveal an innate ability to achieve correct morphology, Developmental Dynamics, 241(5): 863-878 [cover]
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Blackiston, D. J., and Levin, M. (2012), Aversive training methods in Xenopus laevis: general principles, Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 2012(5): 521-527
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Beane, W. S., Tseng, A.-S., Morokuma, J. M., Lemire, J. M., and Levin, M. (2012), Inhibition of planar cell polarity extends neural growth during regeneration, homeostasis, and development, Stem Cells and Development, 21(12): 2085-2094 [cover]
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Chernet, B. T., Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2012), Photoconversion for Tracking the Dynamics of Cell Movement in Xenopus laevis Embryos, Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 2016(6): 683-690 [cover]
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Chernet, B. T., and Levin, M. (2012), A versatile protocol for mRNA electroporation of Xenopus laevis embryos, Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 2012(4): 447-452
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Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2012), General principles for measuring resting membrane potential and ion concentration using fluorescent bioelectricity reporters, Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 2012(4): 385-397 [cover]
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Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2012), Measuring resting membrane potential using the fluorescent voltage reporters DiBAC₄(3) and CC2-DMPE, CSHL Protocols, 2012(4): 459-464
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Pai, V., Aw, S., Shomrat, T., Lemire, J. M., and Levin, M. (2012), Transmembrane voltage potential controls embryonic eye patterning in Xenopus laevis, Development, 139(2): 313-323
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Levin, M. (2012), Molecular bioelectricity in developmental biology: new tools and recent discoveries, BioEssays, 34(3): 205-217 [cover]
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Vandenberg, L. N., and Levin, M. (2012), Polarity proteins are required for left-right axis orientation and twin-twin instruction,Genesis, 50(3): 219-234
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Levin, M., and Stevenson, C. (2012), Regulation of Cell Behavior and Tissue Patterning by Bioelectrical Signals: challenges and opportunities for biomedical engineering, Annual Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 14: 295-323
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Lobo, D., Beane, W., and Levin, M. (2012), Modeling planarian regeneration: a primer for reverse-engineering the worm, PLoS Computational Biology, 8(4): e1002481 [cover]
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2011

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Blackiston, D., Adams, D. S., Lemire, J. M., Lobikin, M., and Levin, M. (2011), Transmembrane potential of GlyCl-expressing instructor cells induces a neoplastic-like conversion of melanocytes via a serotonergic pathway, Disease Models and Mechanisms, 4(1): 67-85 [cover]
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Beane, W. S., Morokuma, J., Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2011),A chemical genetics approach reveals H,K-ATPase-mediated membrane voltage is required for planarian head regeneration, Chemistry & Biology, 18(1): 77-89
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Lange, C., Prenninger, S., Knuckles, P., Taylor, V., Levin, M., and Calegari, F. (2011), The H(+) vacuolar ATPase maintains neural stem cells in the developing mouse cortex, Stem Cells and Development, 20(5): 843-850
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Carneiro, K., Donnet, C., Rejtar, T., Karger, B. L., Díaz, E., Kortagere, S., Lemire, J. M., and Levin, M. (2011), Histone deacetylase activity is necessary for left-right patterning during vertebrate development, BMC Developmental Biology, 11: 29
PubMed | PDF

Vandenberg, L. N., Pennarola, B. W., and Levin, M. (2011), Low frequency vibrations disrupt left-right patterning in the Xenopus embryo, PLoS One, 6(8): e23306
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Mondia, J. P., Adams, D. S., Orendorff, R. D., Levin, M., and Omenetto, F. (2011), Patterned femtosecond-laser ablation of Xenopus laevis melanocytes for studies of cell migration, wound repair, and developmental processes, Biomedical Optics Express, 2(8): 2383-2391
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Mondia, J. P., Levin, M., Omenetto, F. G., Orendorff, R. D., Branch, M. R., and Adams, D. S. (2011), Long-distance signals are required for morphogenesis of the regenerating Xenopus tadpole tail as shown by femtosecond-laser ablation, PLoS One, 6(9): e24953
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Tseng, A-S., Carneiro, K., Lemire, J. M., and Levin, M. (2011),HDAC activity is required during Xenopus tail regeneration, PLoS One, 6(10): e26382
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Levin, M. (2011), Endogenous Bioelectric Signals as Morphogenetic Controls of Development, Regeneration, and Neoplasm, in C. Pullar (Ed.), The Physiology of Bioelectricity in Development, Tissue Regeneration, and Cancer, CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, pp. 39-89
Available here

Levin, M. (2011), The wisdom of the body: future techniques and approaches to morphogenetic fields in regenerative medicine, developmental biology, and cancer, Regenerative Medicine, 6(6): 667-673
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2010

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Blackiston, D., Shomrat, T., Nicolas, C. L., Granata, C., and Levin, M. (2010), A second-generation device for automated training and quantitative behavior analyses of molecularly-tractable model organisms, PLoS One, 5(12): e14370
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Oviedo, N. J., Morokuma, J., Walentek, P., Kema, I. P., Gu, M. B., Ahn, J. M., Hwang, J. S., Gojobori, T., and Levin, M. (2010), Long-range Neural and Gap Junction Protein-mediated Cues Control Polarity During Planarian Regeneration, Developmental Biology, 339(1): 188-199 [cover]
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Vandenberg, L. N., and Levin, M. (2010), Consistent left-right asymmetry cannot be Established by late organizers in Xenopus unless the late organizer is a conjoined twin, Development, 137(7): 1095-1105 [cover]
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Aw, S., Koster, J., Pearson, W., Nicols, C., Shi, N. Q., Carneiro, K., and Levin, M. (2010), The ATP-sensitive K+-channel (KATP) controls early left-right patterning in Xenopus and chick embryos, Developmental Biology, 346(1): 39-53
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Tseng, A-S., Beane, W. S., Lemire, J. M., Masi, A., and Levin, M. (2010), Induction of vertebrate regeneration by a transient sodium current, Journal of Neuroscience, 30(39): 13192-13200 [cover]
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Hechavarria, D., Dewilde, A., Braunhut, S., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. K. (2010), BioDome regenerative sleeve for biochemical and biophysical stimulation of tissue regeneration, Medical Engineering and Physics, 32(9): 1065-1073
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Blackiston, D., Vandenberg, L. N., and Levin, M. (2010), High-throughput Xenopus laevis immunohistochemistry using agarose sections, Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 2010(12): 1364-1371
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Vandenberg, L. N., and Levin, M. (2010), Far from solved: a perspective on what we know about early mechanisms of left-right asymmetry, Developmental Dynamics, 239(12): 3131-3146 [cover]
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2009

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Aw, S., and Levin, M. (2009), Molecular mechanisms establishing consistent left-right asymmetry during vertebrate embryogenesis, in I. E. C Sommer and R. S. Kahn (Eds.), Language Lateralization and Psychosis, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 3-18
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Aw, S., and Levin, M. (2009), Is left-right asymmetry a form of planar cell polarity? Development, 136(3): 355-366
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Vandenberg, L., and Levin, M. (2009), Perspectives and open problems in the early phases of left-right patterning, Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 20(4): 456-463 [cover]
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Zhang, Y., and Levin, M. (2009), Particle tracking model of electrophoretic morphogen movement reveals stochastic dynamics of embryonic gradient, Developmental Dynamics, 238(8): 1923-1935
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Zhang, Y., and Levin, M. (2009), Left-right asymmetry in the chick embryo requires core planar cell polarity protein Vangl2, Genesis, 47(11): 719-728
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Levin, M. (2009), Bioelectric mechanisms in regeneration: Unique aspects and future perspectives, Seminars in Cell and Developmental Biology, 20(5): 543-556
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Sundelacruz, S., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. L. (2009), Role of membrane potential in the regulation of cell proliferation and differentiation, Stem Cell Reviews, 5(3): 231-246
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Blackiston, D. J., McLaughlin, K., and Levin, M. (2009), Bioelectric controls of cell proliferation: ion channels, membrane voltage, and the cell cycle, Cell Cycle, 8(21): 3527-3536 [cover]
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2008

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Morokuma, J., Blackiston, D., and Levin, M. (2008), KCNQ1 and KCNE1 K+ channel components are involved in early left-right patterning in Xenopus embryos, Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 21(5-6): 357-372
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Oviedo, N. J., Pearson, B. J., Levin, M., and Alvarado, A. S. (2008), Planarian PTEN homologs regulate stem cells and regeneration through TOR signaling, Disease Models and Mechanisms, 1(2-3): 131-143
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Morokuma, J., Blackiston, D., Adams, D. S., Seebohm, G., Trimmer, B., and Levin, M. (2008), Modulation of potassium channel confers a hyperproliferative invasive phenotype on embryonic stem cells, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 105(43): 16608-16613
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Sundelacruz, S., Levin, M., and Kaplan, D. L. (2008), Membrane potential controls adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, PLoS One, 3(11): e3737
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Oviedo, N. J., Nicolas, C. L., Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2008), Live imaging of planarian membrane potential using DiBAC4(3), Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 3(10): pdb.prot5055
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Oviedo, N. J., Nicolas, C. L., Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2008), Gene knockdown in planarians using RNA interference, Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 3(10): pdb.prot5054
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Oviedo, N. J., Nicolas, C. L., Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2008), Establishing and maintaining a colony of planarians, Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 3(10): pdb.prot5053
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Oviedo, N., and Levin, M. (2008), The planarian regeneration model as a context for the study of drug effects and mechanisms, in R. B. Raffa & S. M. Rawls (Eds.), Planaria: A Model for Drug Action and Abuse, RG Landes Co.: Austin, pp. 95-104

Nicolas, C.L., Abramson, C.I., and Levin, M. (2008), Analysis of behavior in the planarian model, in R. B. Raffa & S. M. Rawls (Eds.), Planaria: A Model for Drug Action and Abuse, RG Landes Co.: Austin, pp. 83-94

Aw, S., and Levin, M. (2008), What's Left in Asymmetry? Developmental Dynamics, 237(12): 3453-3464
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Oviedo, N., Nicolas, C. L., Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2008), Planarians: a versatile and powerful model system for molecular studies of regeneration, adult stem cell regulation, aging, and behavior, Cold Spring Harbor Protocols, 3(10): pdb.em0101
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Oviedo, N., Nicolas, C. L., Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2008),Planarians: a versatile and powerful model system for molecular studies of regeneration, adult stem cell regulation, aging, and behavior, in Emerging Model Organisms: A Laboratory Manual, Volume 1, Cold Spring Harbor Press: Cold Spring Harbor, NY
PDF | Book

Tseng, A-S., and Levin, M. (2008), Tail regeneration in Xenopus laevis as a model for understanding tissue repair, Journal of Dental Research, 87(9): 806-816
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2007

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Tseng, A-S., Adams, D. S., Qiu, D., Koustubhan, P., and Levin, M. (2007), Apoptosis is required during early stages of tail regeneration in Xenopus laevis, Developmental Biology, 301(1): 62-69
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Adams, D. S., Masi, A., and Levin, M. (2007), H+ Pump-dependent changes in membrane voltage are an early mechanism necessary and sufficient to induce Xenopus tail regeneration, Development, 134(7): 1323-1335 [cover]
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Oviedo, N. J., and Levin, M. (2007), smedxin-11 is a Planarian Stem Cell Gap Junction Gene Required for Regeneration and Homeostasis, Development, 134(17): 3121-3131
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Aw, S., Adams, D. S., Qiu, D., and Levin, M. (2007), H,K-ATPase protein localization and Kir4.1 function reveal concordance of three axes during early determination of left-right asymmetry, Mechanisms of Development, 125(3-4): 353-372
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Koustubhan, P., Sorocco, D., and Levin, M. (2007), Establishing and maintaining a Xenopus laevis colony for research laboratories, in P. M. Conn (Ed.), Source Book of Models for Biomedical Research, Humana Press: Totowa NJ, pp. 139-160
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Levin, M., and Palmer, R. (2007), Left-right patterning from the inside out: widespread evidence for intracellular control, BioEssays, 29(3): 271-287
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Levin, M. (2007), Gap junctional communication in morphogenesis, Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology, 94(1-2): 186-206
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Levin, M. (2007), Large-Scale Biophysics: Ion Flows and Regeneration, Trends in Cell Biology, 17(6): 261-270 [cover]
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Ingber, D., and Levin, M. (2007), What lies at the interface of regenerative medicine and developmental biology? Development, 134(14): 2541-2547 [cover]
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Oviedo, N., and Levin, M. (2007), Gap junctions provide new links in left-right patterning, Cell, 129(4): 645-647
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2006

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Hibino, T., Ishii, Y., Levin, M., and Nishino, A. (2006), Ion flow regulates left-right asymmetry in sea urchin development, Development Genes and Evolution, 216(5): 265-76
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Shimeld, S. M., and Levin, M. (2006), Evidence for the regulation of left-right asymmetry in Ciona intestinalis by ion flux, Developmental Dynamics, 235(6): 1543-1553
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Adams, D. S., Robinson, K. R., Fukumoto, T., Yuan, S., Albertson, R. C., Yelick, P., Kuo, L., McSweeney, M., and Levin, M. (2006), Early, H+-V-ATPase-dependent proton flux is necessary for consistent left-right patterning of non-mammalian vertebrates, Development, 133(9): 1657-1671
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Hicks, C., Sorocco, D., and Levin, M. (2006), Automated Analysis of Behavior: A Computer-Controlled System for Drug Screening and the Investigation of Learning, Journal of Neurobiology, 66(9): 977-990
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Esser, A. T., Smith, K. C., Weaver, J. C., and Levin, M. (2006), Mathematical Model of Morphogen Electrophoresis through Gap Junctions, Developmental Dynamics, 235(8): 2144-2159
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Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2006), Inverse Drug Screens: a rapid and inexpensive method for implicating molecular targets, Genesis, 44(11): 530-540
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Adams, D., and Levin, M. (2006), Strategies and techniques for investigation of biophysical signals in patterning, in Analysis of Growth Factor signaling in Embryos, M. Whitman and A. K. Sater eds., pp. 177-264, Methods in Signal Transduction Series, CRC Press

Levin, M., Buznikov, G. A., and Lauder, J. M. (2006), Of Minds and Embryos: Left-Right Asymmetry and the Serotonergic Controls of Pre-Neural Morphogenesis, Developmental Neuroscience, 28(3): 171-185 [cover]
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Levin, M. (2006), Is the Early Left-Right Axis like a Plant, a Kidney, or a Neuron? The Integration of Physiological Signals in Left-Right Asymmetry, Birth Defects Research (Part C), 78(3): 191-223
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2005

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Fukumoto, T., and Levin, M. (2005), Asymmetric expression of Syndecan-2 in early chick embryogenesis, Gene Expression Patterns , 5(4): 525-528
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Fukumoto, T., Kema, I. P., and Levin, M. (2005), Serotonin signaling is a very early step in patterning of the left-right axis in chick and frog embryos, Current Biology, 15(9): 794-803
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Nogi, T., Yuan, Y. E., Sorocco, D., Perez-Tomas, R., and Levin, M. (2005), Eye regeneration assay reveals an invariant functional left-right asymmetry in the early bilaterian, Dugesia japonica, Laterality, 10(3): 193-205
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Qiu, D., Cheng, S. M., Wozniak, L., McSweeney, M., Perrone, E., and Levin, M. (2005), Localization and loss-of-function implicates ciliary proteins in early, cytoplasmic roles in left-right asymmetry, Developmental Dynamics, 234(1): 176-189
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Shin, J-B., Adams, D., Paukert, M., Siba, M., Sidi, S., Levin, M., Gillespie, P. G., and Grunder, S. (2005), Xenopus TRPN1 (NOMPC) localizes to microtubule-based cilia in epithelial cells, including inner-ear hair cells, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 102(35): 12572-12577
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Gamer, L. W., Nove, J., Levin, M., and Rosen, V. (2005), BMP-3 is a novel inhibitor of both activin and BMP-4 signaling in Xenopus embryos, Developmental Biology, 285(1): 156-168
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Nogi, T., and Levin, M. (2005), Characterization of innexin gene expression and functional roles of gap-junctional communication in planarian regeneration, Developmental Biology, 287(2): 314-335
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Fukumoto, T., Blakely, R., and Levin, M. (2005), Serotonin transporter function is an early step in left-right patterning in chick and frog embryos, Developmental Neuroscience, 27(6): 349-363
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Levin, M. (2005), Left-right asymmetry in embryonic development: a comprehensive review, Mechanisms of Development, 122(1): 3-25 [cover]
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2004

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Levin, M. (2004), A novel immunohistochemical method for evaluation of antibody specificity and detection of labile targets in biological tissue, Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Methods, 58(1): 85-96
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Levin, M. (2004), The embryonic origins of left-right asymmetry, Critical Reviews in Oral Biology and Medicine, 15(4): 197-206
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Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2004), Early Patterning of the Left/Right Axis, in C. D. Stern (Ed.), Gastrulation: from cells to embryo, Cold Spring Harbor: New York, pp. 403-417
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2003

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Bunney, T. D., De Boer, A. H., and Levin, M. (2003), Fusicoccin signaling reveals 14-3-3 protein function as a novel step in left-right patterning during amphibian embryogenesis, Development, 130(20): 4847-4858
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Levin, M. (2003), Bioelectromagnetics in morphogenesis, Bioelectromagnetics, 24(5): 295-315
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Levin, M. (2003), Motor protein control of ion flux is an early step in embryonic left-right asymmetry, BioEssays, 25(10): 1002-1010
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2002

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Levin, M., Thorlin, T., Robinson, K., Nogi, T., and Mercola, M. (2002), Asymmetries in H+/K+-ATPase and cell membrane potentials comprise a very early step in left-right patterning, Cell, 111(1): 77-89
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Rutenberg, J., Cheng, S. M., and Levin, M. (2002), Early embryonic expression of ion channels and pumps in chick and Xenopus development, Developmental Dynamics, 225(4): 469-484
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Cheng, S. M., Chen, I., and Levin, M. (2002), Katp channel activity is required for hatching in Xenopus embryos, Developmental Dynamics, 225(4): 588-591
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Levin, M. (2002), Isolation and community: A review of the role of gap-junctional communication in embryonic patterning, Journal of Membrane Biology, 185(3): 177-192
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2001

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Mercola, M., and Levin, M. (2001), Left-Right asymmetry determination in vertebrates, Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology, 17: 779-805
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Levin, M. (2001), Asymmetry of Body and Brain: Embryological and Twin Studies, in N. Smelser and P. Baltes (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences, Elsevier: Oxford, UK, pp. 853-859
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2000

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Levin, M., and Mercola, M. (2000), Expression of connexin 30 in Xenopus embryos and its involvement in hatching gland function, Developmental Dynamics, 219(1): 96-101
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1999

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Levin, M. (1999), Matrix-based GA representations in a model of evolving animal communication, in L. Chambers (Ed.), The Practical Handbook of Genetic Algorithms: Complex Coding Systems, Vol. 3, ch.5, pp. 103-117, CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL

Levin, M. (1999), Twinning and embryonic left-right asymmetry, Laterality, 4(3): 197-208
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Zhu, L., Marvin, M. J., Gardiner, A., Lassar, A. B., Mercola, M., Stern, C. D., and Levin, M. (1999), Cerberus regulates left-right asymmetry of the embryonic head and heart, Current Biology, 9(17): 931-938
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Levin, M., and Mercola, M. (1999), Gap Junction-Mediated Transfer of Left-Right Patterning Signals in the Early Chick Blastoderm is Upstream of Shh Asymmetry in the Node, Development, 126(21): 4703-4714
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Levin, M. (1999), Left-right asymmetry in animal embryogenesis, in G. Palyi, C. Zucchi, and L. Caglioti (Eds.), Advances in Biochirality, ch. 12, pp. 137-152, Elsevier Science LTD: Oxford, UK
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Levin, M. (1999), Endogenous electromagnetic fields and radiations in regeneration, development, and neoplasm, Proceedings of the First World Congress on the Effects of Electricity and Magnetism in the Natural World, Madeira, Portugal

1998

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Levin, M. (1998), The roles of activin and follistatin signaling in chick gastrulation, International Journal of Developmental Biology, 42(4): 553-559
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Levin, M., and Mercola, M. (1998), Gap junctions are involved in the early generation of left right asymmetry, Developmental Biology, 203(1): 90-105
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Levin, M., and Mercola, M. (1998), Evolutionary conservation of mechanisms upstream of asymmetric nodal expression: Reconciling chick and Xenopus, Developmental Genetics, 23(3): 185-193
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Levin, M. (1998), Left-Right asymmetry and the chick embryo, Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology, 9(1): 67-76
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Levin, M., and Mercola, M. (1998), The compulsion of chirality: toward an understanding of left-right asymmetry, Genes & Development, 12(6): 763-769
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1997

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Levin, M., and Ernst, S. G. (1997), Applied DC magnetic fields cause alterations in the time of cell divisions and developmental abnormalities in early sea urchin embryos, Bioelectromagnetics, 18(3): 255-263
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Levin, M., Pagan, S., Roberts, D. J., Cooke, J., Kuehn, M. R., and Tabin, C. J. (1997), Left/Right Patterning Signals and the Independent Regulation of Different Aspects of Situs in the Chick Embryo, Developmental Biology, 189(1): 57-67
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Levin, M., and Nascone, N. (1997), Two molecular models of initial left-right asymmetry generation, Medical Hypotheses, 49(5): 429-435
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Levin, M. (1997), Left-right asymmetry in vertebrate embryogenesis, BioEssays, 19(4): 287-296 [cover]
PDF | Link

1996

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Levin, M., Roberts, D. J., Holmes, L. B., and Tabin, C. (1996), Laterality defects in conjoined twins, Nature, 384(6607): 321
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1995

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Levin, M., and Ernst, S. G. (1995), Applied AC and DC Magnetic Fields Cause Alterations in the Mitotic Cycle of Early Sea Urchin Embryos, Bioelectromagnetics, 16(4): 231-240
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Levin, M., Johnson, R. L., Stern, C. D., Kuehn, M., and Tabin, C. (1995), A molecular pathway determining left-right asymmetry in chick embryogenesis, Cell, 82(5): 803-814 [cover]
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Levin, M. (1995), Use of Genetic Algorithms to Solve Biomedical Problems, M.D. Computing, 12(3): 193-198
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Levin, M. (1995), The evolution of understanding: A genetic algorithm model of the evolution of animal communication, BioSystems, 36(3): 167-178
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Levin, M. (1995), Locating putative protein signal sequences, in L. Chambers (Ed.), The Practical Handbook of Genetic Algorithms: New Frontiers, Vol. 2, ch. 2, pp. 53-66, CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL
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1994

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Levin, M. (1994), A Julia set model of field-directed morphogenesis: developmental biology and artificial life, Computer Applications in the Biosciences, 10(2): 85-103
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Levin, M., (1994), Discontinuous and alternate q-system fractals, Computers and Graphics, 18(6): 873-884
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1993

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Levin, M. (1993), Current and potential applications of bioelectromagnetics in medicine, Subtle Energies & Energy Medicine Journal, 4(1): 77-87
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Conferences, Abstracts, and Poster Sessions

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Etcheverry, M., Levin, M., Moulin-Frier, C., and Oudeyer, P.-Y. (2023), SBMLtoODEjax: Efficient Simulation and Optimization of Biological Network Models in JAX, NeurIPS 2023 AI for Science Workshop, New Orleans, LA
Murugan, N., Vigran, H., Miller, K., Pham, Q., Golding, A., Kane, A., Kaplan, D., and Levin, M. (2021), Brief multi-drug treatment via a wearable silk-hydrogel bioreactor induces long-term limb re-patterning and regeneration in adult Xenopus Laevis, The FASEB Journal, 35(S1), doi:10.1096/fasebj.2021.35.s1.03874
Novak, R., Choe, Y., Dinis, A., Ingram, M., Keshari, V., Nestor, B. A., Super, M., Levin, M., and Ingber, D. E. (2020), Xenopticon: Microfluidic platform for time-resolved analysis of Xenopus embryo development, Proceedings of 21st International Conference on Miniaturized Systems for Chemistry and Life Sciences (MicroTAS 2017), 1639-1640
Blackiston, D., Adams, D., Lemire, J., and Levin, M. (2010), Transmembrane voltage gradient in GlyR-expressing niche cells controls behavior of neural crest derivatives in vivo, Developmental Biology, 344(1): 526
Oviedo, N. J., Morokuma, J., Walentek, P., Kema, I. P., Gu, M. B., Ahn, J.M., Hwang, J. S., Gojobori, T., and Levin, M. (2010), Long-range neural and gap junction protein-mediated cues control polarity during planarian regeneration, Developmental Biology, 344(1): 522
Tseng, A. S., Beane, W. S., Lemire, J. M., Masi, A., and Levin, M. (2010), NaV-mediated sodium transport is required for vertebrate appendage regeneration, Developmental Biology, 344(1): 519
Beane W. S., Morokuma J., and Levin M. (2010), H,K-ATPase-mediated ion transport regulates anterior patterning in regenerating planaria, Developmental Biology, 344(1): 522
Vandenberg, L., and Levin, M. (2010), The Par6 complex is required for both early and late orientation of the left-right axis in Xenopus, Developmental Biology, 344(1): 426-427
Beane, W. S., Oviedo, N.J., Adams, D. S., and Levin, M. (2009), H,K-ATPase-mediated ion transport regulates anterior patterning in regenerating planaria, Mechanisms of Development, 126(S1): S294-S295
Morokuma, J., and Levin, M. (2006), Role of KvLQT-1/minK K+ channel in early embryonic patterning, Developmental Biology, 295(1): 451-
Blum, M., Schweickert, A., Beyer, T., Weber, T., Andre, P., Fischer, A., Viebahn, C., and Levin, M. (2006), A leftward fluid flow precedes nodal induction in Xenopus, Developmental Biology, 295(1): 443
Adams, D. S., Masi, A., and Levin, M. (2006), Xenopus tadpole tail regeneration requires the activity of the proton pump V- ATPase, and proton pumping is sufficient to partially rescue the loss of function phenotype, Developmental Biology, 295(1): 355-356
Levin, M., Adams, D. S., Aw, S., Morokuma, J., and Oviedo, N. J. (2006), Bioelectrical controls of morphogenesis, Developmental Biology, 295(1):331-332
Chen, I., and Levin, M. (2004), The Role of KATP Channels in Development of Left-Right Asymmetry in Xenopus, Journal of Dental Research, 83: A1340
Nogi, T. and Levin, M. (2003), Electrical Controls of Regeneration in Planaria, Developmental Biology, 259: 586
Levin, M. (2003), Electric Embryos: Endogenous Ion Fluxes and Voltage Gradients in Left—Right Asymmetry, Developmental Biology, 259: 482
Adams, D., and Levin, M. (2003), Elements of Left—Right Patterning: Gap Junctions, pH, and Membrane Voltage, Developmental Biology, 259: 482
Fukumoto, T., and Levin, M. (2003), Serotonin Is a Novel Very Early Signaling Mechanism in Left—Right Asymmetry, Developmental Biology, 259: 490
Levin, M., and Mercola, M. (1999), Gap junction-mediated transfer of left-right patterning signals, Molecular Biology of the Cell, 39: 1
Pagan S. M., Levin M., and Tabin C. (1997),From left-right asymmetric gene expression to its morphological manifestations, Journal of Morphology, 232(3): 306
Levin, M., Gonzalez, J. L., and Ernst, S. G. (1991), DC and AC magnetic field effects on early sea-urchin development, Biological Bulletin, 181: 511-